GARDEN CITY 



342S 



GARDE R^PUBLICAINE 



with adequate sunlight and air- 

 space, gardens, and allotments ; 

 the factories are within walking 

 distance ; health is improved, the 

 infant mortality rate being 30 per 

 1,000 births in 1918, and 36 in 1917 ; 

 there are good shops and schools ; 

 an active social and civic life ; 

 and the open country is ten min- 

 utes walk from the centre of the 

 town. The industrial features are 

 sufficient space in a specially 

 planned factory area, with sidings, 

 roads, power, etc. ; great reduc- 

 tion of loss of time among work- 

 men, and healthy buildings. 

 Development of the Scheme 



The good workmen's housing 

 carried out at Letchworth on a 

 basis that showed a fair return 

 upon capital, and the economies 

 effected in estate development 

 were recognized as great advances, 

 though often criticised in detail. 

 The result was a powerful impetus 

 to efforts to improve housing con- 

 ditions throughout the country. 

 The garden city type of land de- 

 velopment became widely imitated 

 and a large number of schemes 

 were started which were incor- 

 rectly described as garden cities. 



Public attention was also di- 

 rected to the absence of town plan- 

 ning legislation in Great Britain, 

 and as a consequence the Town 

 Planning Act of 1909 was passed, 

 giving local authority powers over 

 the development of land. Methods 

 of house and site planning are, 

 however, merely incidental to the 

 garden city movement, while the 

 growth of suburbs and the plan- 

 ning of large housing estates on 

 the outskirts of great towns is con- 

 trary to the essential principles of 

 this movement. 



In view of the frequent misuse 

 of the term garden city, the Garden 

 Cities and Town Planning Associa- 

 tion, founded 1899, has adopted a 

 definition to which all schemes 

 that claim the name should be 

 made to conform. 



A garden city is a town designed 

 for healthy living and industry ; 

 of a size that makes possible a full 

 measure of social life, but not 

 larger ; surrounded by a rural belt ; 

 the whole of the land being in 

 public ownership, or held in trust 

 for the community. 



The development of the garden 

 city movement is now in the direc- 

 tion of satellite towns around the 

 great cities. The pressure of popu- 

 lation upon all the great urban 

 areas, and the existence of great 

 tracts of slums within them,, has 

 led to the suggestion of the crea- 

 tion of new towns at distances of 

 from ten to thirty miles of the 

 existing areas, to which factories 

 could be removed and new indus- 



tries established. These new towns, 

 planned as garden cities, with wide 

 belts of agricultural land surround- 

 ing them, would accommodate 

 large residential populations. They 

 would draw off the surplus popula- 

 tions of the existing overcrowded 

 areas, and provide for industry in a 

 way not possible elsewhere. The 

 problem of daily transport of 

 workers from home to work would 

 be solved, for the residents in the 

 satellite towns would, for the most 

 part, be within walking distance 

 of their work, with a consequent 

 great saving of time and money. 

 This proposal was commended by 

 the select committee of the House 

 of Commons upon metropolitan 

 traffic (1919). The Chamberlain 

 committee on unhealthy areas, in 

 its report (April, 1920) also made 

 the formation of satellite towns its 

 main recommendation, urging that 

 prompt attention should be given 

 to the development of self-con- 

 tained garden cities as a first step 

 towards solving the slum problem. 

 Expansion of London 



Welwyn Garden City, first of the 

 satellite towns, on the G.N. Ely. 

 main line, 21 m. from London, was 

 begun in May, 1920, its object being 

 to deal with the expansion of the 

 industries and population of 

 Greater London. On an area of 

 about four square miles, secured 

 from the marquess of Salisbury 

 and Lord Desborough, the Wef- 

 wyn Garden City, Ltd., has 

 planned a town of 50,000 inhabi- 

 tants, with provision for houses of 

 all classes, factories, public build- 

 ings, etc. The* estate consists of 

 fine, well-wooded country, with 

 first-class rly. and road facilities. 



The application of the garden 

 city principle to the reconstruction 

 of existing towns is recognized as 

 an important part of the move- 

 ment. Small towns upon sites that 

 are suitable for development could 

 become the nuclei of garden cities, 

 preserving their natural features 

 and agricultural belts around them 

 under the provisions of town-plan- 

 ning schemes. The problem of the 

 great cities is more complex ; but 

 there is need for restricting industry 

 to specific areas, and for the sus- 

 pension of the old form of suburban 

 development. The main effect of 

 the garden city movement upon 

 town planning is the insistence 

 upon a limitation of town areas on 

 civic and economic grounds, and 

 the development of the idea of the 

 functional planning of towns. 



There are garden city associa- 

 tions hi France, Germany, Austria, 

 Poland, and Spain. Hellerau, near 

 Dresden, begun in 1908, is the 

 nearest approximation to a garden 

 city outside England. The princi- 



ples of housing and estate develop- 

 ment recognized by the movement 

 are, however, gradually being 

 adopted in every civilized country. 

 In Germany, for example, the 

 movement has had considerable 

 effect upon public opinion in reli- 

 tion to the tenement dwelling, 

 which is a feature of German urban 

 life ; the advantage of the single 

 family type of house is now be- 

 coming generally recognized. 



Throughout the British Empire 

 the garden city movement has a 

 growing influence, particularly in 

 Canada, Australia, New Zealand, 

 andSoubh Africa. The International 

 Garden Cities and Town Planning 

 Association, founded in 1914, has 

 members and adherents in every 

 country. Its conferences have been 

 held in Paris (1914),Brussels (1919), 

 London (1920). See N.V. 



Bibliography. G arden Cities of To - 

 morrow, Ebenezer Howard, '2nd ed. 

 1902 ; The Garden City,C.B.Purdom, 

 1913 ; Garden Cities and Canals, J.S. 

 Nettlefold, 1914; Satellite Cities. 

 G. R. Taylor, 1915 ; Nothing Gained 

 By Overcrowding, K. Umvin, 3rd 

 ed., 1918 ; also publications of the 

 Garden Cities and Town Planning 

 Association. 



Garden City. Village of New 

 York, U.S.A., in Nassau co. Sit- 

 uated 20 m. E. of New York, and 

 served by the Long Island rly., it is 

 a model village designed by A. T. 

 Stewart. It contains the Cathedral 

 of the Incarnation, founded by his 

 wife, and noted for its magnificent 

 organ, and is the see of a Protestant 

 Episcopal bishop. Pop, 1,200. 



Gardeners' Company. London 

 city company. Incorporated by 

 letters patent in 1605, and by 

 charter in 1616, its motto is By the 

 Sweat of Thy Browes shalt Thou 

 Eat Thy Bread. Offices, 5, Essex 

 Court, Temple, E.G. See History 

 of the Gardeners, C. Welch, 1900. 



Gardenia. Genus of evergreen 

 trees and shrubs. Of the natural 

 order Rubiaceae, they are natives 

 of tropical Asia and S. Africa. 

 They have opposite leaves, and 

 sweet-scented, white funnel-shaped 

 or salver-shaped flowers. The so- 

 called Cape Jessamine (G. florida) 

 is really a native of China. 



Garde Republicaine. Force 

 organized by decrees of July 5, 

 1848, and Feb. 1 , 1849, as an integ- 

 ral portion of the national gen- 

 darmerie for police duty in Paris. 

 Officially styled the Legion de la 

 Garde Republicaine, it is a military 

 organization of approximately 

 3,000 men, in 12 companies of in- 

 fantry and 4 squadrons of cavalry, 

 under the control of a colonel or 

 commandant, and placed as a sup- 

 plementary guard at the disposal 

 of the Prefect of Police. The mem- 

 bers of the force, all ex-soldiers, 



