GARDINER 



wear a striking uniform and are 

 armed with long swords. Under the 

 direct control of the prefect, the 

 legion guards the public buildings 

 and offices, controls the traffic at 

 certain points, and handles the 

 crowds on holiday occasions, while 

 always acting as a reserve force 

 which can be brought to the relief 

 of the regular police in emergency. 

 Gardiner, ALFRED GEORGE (b. 

 1865). British journalist. Born at 

 Chelrnsford, he joined the staff of 

 The Essex 

 County Chron- 

 icle, was as- 

 sociated for 15 

 years with The 

 Northern Daily 

 Telegraph, 

 Blackburn, and 

 was editor of 

 The Daily 

 News, 1902- 

 19. President 

 of the Insti- 

 tute of Jour- 

 nalists, 1915- 

 16, he has 

 written several books of charac- 

 ter sketches, including Prophets, 

 Priests and Kings, 1908 ; Pillars of 

 Society, 1913; The War Lords, 

 1915 ; and three volumes of essays, 

 Pebbles on the Shore, 1917 ; Leaves 

 in the Wind, 1918; Windfalls, 1920. 

 Gardiner, SAMUEL RAWSON 

 (1829-1902). British historian. 

 Born at Ropley, Hants, March 4, 

 1829, he was 

 educated at 

 Winchester 

 and Christ 

 Church, Ox- 

 ford. Beyond 

 a professorship 

 at King's Col- 

 lege, London, 

 he held no 

 tutorial posi- 

 tions, and 

 almost with- 

 out interruption his life was given 

 up to historical studies. The period 

 to which he devoted himself was 

 that of the Civil War and the 

 Commonwealth, on which he was 

 the supreme authority. 



In ten volumes Gardiner wrote 

 the History of England from the 

 Accession of James I to the out- 

 break of Civil War, 1883-84 ; in 

 three others he narrated the His- 

 tory of the Great Civil War, 1886 

 91 ; and wrote three volumes on 

 the History of the Commonwealth 

 and Protectorate, 1894-1903 ; but 

 did not live to complete the fourth. 

 He collected and edited Constitu- 

 tional Documents of the Puritan 

 Revolution, 1889; wrote What 

 Gunpowder Plot Was, 1897; 

 Oliver Cromwell, 1899; A Stu- 

 dent's History of England, 1890- 



Y, JJLtlllLS, IV1CILUI1 , 



; :; " : 3 



Samuel R. Gardiner, 

 British historian 



Elliott & Fry 



Stephen Gardiner, 

 English prelate 



3428 



91, new ed. taking the work down 

 to 1910. In 1894 he declined an ap- 

 pointment as professor of history 

 at Oxford, and died at Sevenoaks, 

 Feb. 14, 1902. 



Gardiner's work is marked by 

 extreme accuracy and fairness, but 

 it has the defects of its qualities 

 and lacks the charm and emotion 

 of Macaulay and Froude. 



Gardiner, STEPHEN (c. 1493- 

 1555). English prelate and states- 

 man. Son of a Bury St. Edmunds 

 cloth worker, 

 he was edu- 

 cated at Trinity 

 Hall, Cam- 

 bridge, of which 

 he was elected 

 master in 1525. 

 Tn 1528 he was 

 sent by Henry 

 VIII to Rome 

 to conduct ne- 

 gotiations for 

 his divorce 

 from Catherine of Aragon, in 1529 

 became secretary of state, in 1531 

 was appointed bishop of Win- 

 chester, and in 1540 was elected 

 chancellor of Cambridge Univer- 

 sity. Under Edward VI iie spent 

 over five years in prison for 

 his opposition to doctrinal changes 

 and was deprived of his see, but 

 on Mary's accession he was re- 

 stored and made lord chancellor. 

 His actual responsibility in the per- 

 secution of Protestants in Mary's 

 reign is uncertain. He died in 

 London, Nov. 12, 1555, and was 

 buried in Winchester Cathedral. 

 See Typical English Churchmen, 

 ed. W. E. Collins, Series ii, 1909. 



Gardner, ERNEST ARTHUR (b. 

 1862). British archaeologist. Born 

 in London, younger brother of 

 Percy Gardner, he was educated at 

 the City of London School and 

 Caius College, Cambridge. After 

 excavating at Naucratis, Egypt, 

 1885-86, he was director of "the 

 British school at Athens, 1887-95, 

 conducting excavations at Paphos, 

 Megalopolis, and other sites. Ap- 

 pointed Yates professor of archaeo- 

 logy, University College, London, 

 he was public orator to the univer- 

 sity, 1910-15. He served at 

 Salonica, 1915-17. Among many 

 publications are his Ancient Athens, 

 1902 ; Six Great Sculptors, 1910 ; 

 Religion and Art in Ancient Greece, 

 1910; A Handbook of Greek 

 Sculpture, 1896-97, rev. ed. 1915. 

 See portrait in Introduction. 



Gardner, PERCY (b. 1846). 

 British archaeologist. Born at 

 Hackney, Nov. 24, 1846, he was 

 educated at the City of London 

 School and Christ's College, Cam- 

 bridge. Entering the British Mu- 

 seum in 1871, he produced several 

 coin catalogues. In 1880 he became 



GARFIELD 



Disney professor of archaeology at 

 Cambridge, and in 1887 professor of 

 classical archaeology at Oxford. 

 He edited the 

 Journal of Hel- 

 lenic Studies, 

 1880-96. His 

 many works 

 include Types 

 of Greek Coins, 

 1883; Manual 

 of Greek Anti- 



quities, 2nd ed. 



Percy Gardner, 1898; Gram- 

 British archaeologist mar o f Greek 

 Eiiiott&Fr V Art, '"1905; 



and Principles of Greek Art, 1914. 

 Another of his interests is ex- 

 emplified by his Jowett lectures, 

 Historic View of the New Testa- 

 ment, 1901 ; and Religious Ex- 

 perience of St. Paul, 191L 



Gardone Riviera. Name of a 

 series of eight villages of N. Italy. 

 On the W. shore of Lago di Garda, 

 2m. N.E. of Said, they form a 

 winter resort for consumptives and 

 a spring and autumn one for in- 

 valids. Pop. 2,230. 



Gare Fowl. Common alterna- 

 tive name for the great auk. It is 

 the anglicised form of the Icelandic 

 geirfugl. See Great Auk. 



Gareloch. Arm of the Firth of 

 Clyde, Dumbartonshire, Scotland. 

 It runs in a N.W. direction from 

 Helensburgh to Garelochhead, being 

 about 7 m. long and one wide. 

 There is good anchorage herein, and 

 around it are pleasure resorts, 

 among them Garelochhead, Rose- 

 neath, and Shandon. 



Garfield. Borough of New 

 Jersey, U.S.A., in Bergen co. Situ- 

 ated on the Passaic river, 10m. N.W. 

 of New York, it is served by the Erie 

 rly. The manufactures include wool- 

 len and knitted goods, embroidery, 

 chemicals, and cigars. Garfield was 

 incorporated in 1898. Pop. 13,070. 

 Garfield, JAMES ABRAM (1831- 

 81). American statesman. Born 

 at Orange, Ohio, Nov. 19, 1831, in 

 humble circumstances, and soon 

 left fatherless, he worked as a 

 labourer as soon as he was old 

 enough. A desire for education 

 seized him, and about 1849 he 

 managed to enter a college at 

 Chester, Ohio. He studied there 

 and elsewhere for about six years, 

 and in 1856 was made lecturer at 

 Hiram College. In 1857 he was 

 chosen its president and in 1861 he 

 became a barrister. During the 

 Civil War he commanded an in- 

 fantry brigade at Shiloh and else- 

 where, and, as chief of the staff to 

 Rosecrans, distinguished himself 

 at the battle of Chickamauga. 



A Republican in politics, he 

 began his active political career in 

 1856. State senator of Ohio, 1859, 

 he was elected to the House of 



