GAR-FISH 



GARIBALDI 



Representatives at Washington in 



1863/ He assisted Lincoln in the 



last difficult days of the Civil War, 



and was pro- r ^___ 1 . ___ 



minent during 



the next 18 



years, being 



chairman of 



the military 



committee, 



and a frequent 



speaker on 



financial and 



other maC 



ters. He was 



three times 



candidate for the office of speaker, 



and in 1880 was nominated by the 



Republicans for president, being 



elected against W. S. Hancock. 



During his brief term of office 

 Garfield showed want of tact in 

 dealing with political opponents, 

 and by selecting his Cabinet al- 

 most entirely from his own section 

 of the Republican party, incurred 

 the hostility of the "stalwarts," or 

 supporters of Grant, led by Roscoe 

 Conkling, who resigned their places 

 in the Senate. He was shot at 

 Washington railway station, July 2, 

 1881, but survived until Sept. 19, 

 when he died at Elberon, New Jer- 

 sey. His assassin, who was hanged, 

 was Charles J. Guiteau, a Chicago 

 lawyer of French Canadian extrac- 

 tion, who had asked for, but failed 

 to obtain, the American consulship 

 at Marseilles. 



Bibliography. Life, Speeches, and 

 Public Services, R. H. Con well, 

 1881 ; Works, ed. B. A. Hinsdale, 

 2 vols., 1882-83 ; Garfield's Place in 

 History, H. C. Pedder, 1882 ; Re- 

 miniscences of J. A. Garfield, C. E. 

 Fuller, 1887 ; From Lop-Cabin to 

 White House, W. M. Thayer, re- 

 printed 1914. 



Gar-fish(-BeZone). Groupof fishes 

 of long and slender form. They have 

 the jaws produced to form a sword- 

 like beak, and bones of a green 

 colour. They are marine in habit, 



:., 



Gar-fish. Specimen of Belone vulgaris 



and include about fifty species, of 

 which one is quite common around 

 the British coasts. 



Garganey (Querqtiedula circia). 

 Species of wild duck similar to the 

 teal .v.).^ It is found in most 



Gargano (anc. Garganus Mons). 

 Mountainous peninsula of S.E. 

 Italy, in the prov.of Foggia. Jutting 

 out some 30 m. into the Adriatic, 

 it rises, in Monte Calvo, to an alt. 

 of 3,464 ft. 



Gargantua. Central figure of 

 Rabelais's Les horribles faictz et 

 prouesses espouventables de Pan- 

 tagruel, published under the 

 pseudonym Alcofribas in 1535. 

 Gargantua, father of Pantagruel, 

 is a huge giant with a vast capacity 

 for eating and drinking. From his 

 name is derived the adjective 

 gargantuan to denote anything 

 prodigiously large. See Rabelais. 



Gargles OR GARGARISMA. Fluid 

 preparations used in medicine for 

 gargling the throat by taking a 

 mouthful of the liquid, throwing 

 the head back, and gently breath- 

 ing air through it. They are em- 

 ployed chiefly in conditions of 

 catarrh and slight inflammation of 



parts of Europe and Asia during the 

 summer, and in winter around the 

 Mediterranean and in Southern Asia. 

 An extremely rapid flyer, it visits 

 Great Britain in the spring, and 

 nests in dense clumps of rushes. 



Garhmuktessar. Town of 

 the United Provinces, India, in the 

 Hapur subdivision of Meerut dist. 

 It contains the great temple of 

 Mukteswara Mahadeo, from which 

 its name is derived, and is one of 

 the chief resorts of pilgrims. There 

 is also a mosque built in 1283, and 

 an ancient fort. 



Garhwal. District of the United 

 Provinces, India, in the Kumaun 

 div. Its area is 4,180 sq. m. 

 It extends across the Himalayas, 

 and is chiefly a mountainous re- 

 gion. The cultivated area is small, 

 and is principally devoted to rice, 

 wheat, and other grain crops. The 

 chief trade is with Tibet. Exports 

 consist of grain, cloth, ghi, and 

 chillies, and imports salt, wool, 

 sheep, and goats. The district 

 contains a number of shrines held 

 sacred by the Hindus, among them 

 the temples of Badrinath, Kedar- 

 nath, and Pandukeshwar, and is 



Gargoyle. Examples in church architecture. 1. At S. Alkmunds, Derby, c. 1450. 



2. Horsley, Derbyshire, c. 1450. 3. Stony Stratford, Buckinghamshire, 



c. 1480. 4. Tower of Notre Dame, Paris, Gothic style 



the throat. Gargle is from Fr. 

 gargouiller, to gargle; gargarisma 

 is a Latin word meaning a gargle, 

 Fr. gargarisme. 



Gargoyle (Fr. gargouille, throat). 

 Projecting spout attached to the 

 gutter of a roof for shooting rain- 

 water clear of the walls. In Gothic 

 architecture it was made of stone 

 fashioned into a grotesque animal 

 or human face. The term can be 

 used of an ordinary lead trough 

 or rain-water head. " See Architec- 

 ture. 



the centre of a great pilgrim 

 traffic. Pop. 300,819. " 



Garhwal, TEHRI OR TEHRI- 

 GARHWAL. State of India, adjoin- 

 ing Garhwal district, United Pro- 

 vinces. Its area is 4,180 sq. m. 

 The state is in the Himalayas, and 

 the cultivated area is very small. 

 Telitf, the capital, is the chief 

 commercial centre. Pop. 300,819. 



Garibaldi, GIUSEPPE (1807-82). 

 Italian patriot. A fisherman's son, 

 he was born at Nice, July 4, 1807. 

 In 1834 he flung himself ardently 



