GARIBALDI ' 



into the Young Italy movement, 

 initiated by Mazzini, joined in an 

 insurrection, and barely escaped 

 from the country with his life. 

 From 1836-48 he was in S. America, 

 where he won high reputation as a 

 leader both on land and on sea, 

 fighting for the Montevideans 

 against Rosas, the dictator of 

 Buenos Aires. In 1848, when op- 

 pressed peoples were everywhere 

 rising against their rulers, he 

 returned to Italy, raised troops of 

 volunteers, whom he inspired with 

 his own heroic courage and pas- 

 sionate love of liberty, and per- 

 formed brilliant feats of arms. But 

 the insurrection collapsed, and in 

 1849 he took refuge in New York. 

 In 1854 he again returned, settling 

 in Caprera under the Sardinian 

 government. 



From a jihoto about 1860 



On the outbreak of the war in 

 1859 between Austria and Sardinia 

 (i.e. Victor Emmanuel), supported 

 by Napoleon III, he rendered bril- 

 liant service to the Italian cause. 

 But when Napoleon, after the vic- 

 tory of Solferino (June 24), imposed 

 upon his ally and his antagonist the 

 peace of Villafranca, and Nice, to 

 Garibaldi's deep chagrin, had been 

 handed over to France, he lent his 

 unique genius as a partisan leader 

 to the Sicilian insurgents against 

 the Bourbon monarchy of Naples. 

 Openly discountenanced, but se- 

 cretly encouraged by Cavour, he 

 gathered a small army of volun- 

 teers, his " red shirts," known as 

 Garibaldi's Thousand, threw him- 

 self into Sicily, and cleared it of 

 the 20,000 Bourbon regular troops. 

 Passing over into Italy, he con- 

 ducted what was in effect a 

 triumphal march to Naples, whence 



3430 



Francis II took flight. When Vic- 

 tor Emmanuel entered Neapolitan 

 territory, Garibaldi hailed him as 

 king of united Italy. 



Even now his adventures in the 

 cause of liberty were not ended. 

 Believing his project to be favoured 

 by the king, he attempted, in 1802, 

 to wrest Rome from the pope ; but 

 the Italian government turned 

 against him, and he was hopelessly 

 defeated at Aspromonte, Aug. 29 % 

 After a temporary retirement, he 

 again commanded the irregular 

 troops he loved in the war with 

 Austria, 1866; and in 1867, in 

 defiance of his government, again 

 attempted to capture Rome, but 

 was disastrously defeated by its 

 French defenders at the battle of 

 Mentana, Nov. 3. He was again 

 permitted to go into retirement, 

 but the Franco -Prussian War 

 roused him once more, and, when 

 France had discarded the emperor, 

 he gave his services to the French 

 army in the Vosges, 1870. The re- 

 maining years of his life he passed 

 as an invalid in his home at Cap- 

 rera, where he died June 2, 1882. 

 In 1864 he paid his one visit to 

 England, where he was welcomed 

 with immense enthusiasm. 



Bibliography. Autobiog., Eng. 

 trans. A. Werner, with supple- 

 mentary matter by J. W. Mario, 

 1889; the Makers of Modem Italy, 

 J. A. R. Marriott, 1889; Garibaldi's 

 Defence of the Roman Republic, 

 G. M. Trevelyan, 1907, new ed. 

 1920; Builders of United Italy, 

 R. S. Holland, 1908; Garibaldi and 

 the Thousand, 1909. Garibaldi and 

 the Making of Italy, G. M. Tre- 

 velyan, 1911, new ed. 1920. 



Garibaldi. Woman's shirt 

 blouse cut on the lines of those 

 worn by Garibaldi and his men. 

 See Blouse. 



Gariep. Variant name for the 

 river of S. Africa better known as 

 the Orange (q.v.). 



Garigliano (anc. Liris). River 

 of S. Italy. Rising in the Apen- 

 nines, W. of Lake Fucino, it flows, 

 as the Liri, S. past Sora, and thence 

 to the Gulf of Gaeta. Its length is 

 104 m. Navigable below Ponte- 

 corvo, it abounds in fish. 



Garlic. Pungent flavoured 

 bulbs of the onion family, of the 

 natural order Liliaceae, genus 

 Allium. A native of the East, pro- 

 bably S.W. Siberia, it grows to a 

 height of 2 ft., bearing at the top 

 an umbel of a few whitish flowers 

 mixed with a number of small 

 bulbs. The plant is cultivated in 

 similar way to the shallot, and 

 only the bulb part is eaten. It has 

 a powerful onion-like smell and 

 taste, and is used as a condiment 

 chiefly in S. Europe. The allyl 

 sulphide found in garlic is reputed 

 to be a sure cure for consumption. 



GARNET 



Garlic. Flowers and .oliasje of Allium 

 Oleraceum 



Wild garlic, Allium oleraceum, is 

 occasionally used in England as a 

 pot-herb. A not her variety, Allium 

 vineale, the field garlic or wild 

 onion of America, grows exten- 

 sively in the pasture lands of 

 U.S.A., and gives a disagreeable 

 flavour to milk, butter, and cheese 

 when eaten by cattle. 



Garnet (Lat. granatus, seeded). 

 Group of precious stones, composed 

 of three molecules of silica, one of 

 sesquioxide, and three of mon- 

 oxide. The two last differ widely 

 in their chemical make-up, as the 

 great diversity in colours of the 

 stones testifies. The crystalline 

 form is cubic ; the specific gravity 

 ranges from 3 '4 to 4'3 ; all are 

 fairly hard. This last quality 

 makes them of value for technical 

 purposes for instance, in watch- 

 making while garnet powder is 

 used for polishing hard gems. 



Colour is always distributed 

 uniformly in garnets. The red 

 garnets range in tone from a pale 

 rose-pink (from Mexico) through 

 clear reds, including some of the 

 almandines, to deep blood red of 

 the pyrope and the black melanite 

 of Austria and Italy used for 

 mourning jewelry. Hessonite, a 

 calcium-aluminium variety, also 

 known as cinnamon stone, and 

 sometimes confused with hyacinth 

 (zircon), is of a rich yellowish red, 

 and comes from Ceylon and the 

 Swiss Alps. The American variety 

 (spessartite) is a manganese- 

 aluminium compound, yielding 

 fine gems of dark hue. Pyrope, or 

 Bohemian garnet, is also found in 

 N. and S. America. It has a deep, 

 rich blood-red colour, with a tinge 

 of yellow, occasionally verging on 

 hyacinth red, and probably is the 

 carbuncle of old writers. Rhodolite 

 is a pale rose-red stone, coming 

 midway between the almandine 

 and the pyrope, and is found in N. 

 America. Domantoid is a green 

 calcium-iron variety found in the 

 Urals. Grossularite is a brownish- 

 green Siberian garnet, and topazo- 

 lite a transparent yellow Pied- 

 montese stone. 



