GARROS 



3433 



GARSTON 



Roland Garros, 

 French airman 



Hospital for Sick Children, while 

 his scientific writings earned for 

 him his F.R.S. _ In 1908 he was 

 Croonian lecturer at the Royal 

 College of Physicians. During the 

 Great War Garrod served with the 

 R.A.M.C., being knighted in 1918, 

 and in 1920 he succeeded Sir W. 

 Osier as Regius professor of medi- 

 cine at Oxford. 



Garros, ROLAND (1888-1918). 

 French airman. Born at St. Denis, 

 in the island of Reunion, he went to 

 France and 

 studied music 

 at Nice and 

 Paris. Avia- 

 tion, then in 

 its infancy, 

 attracted him, 

 and he learned 

 toflyatJuvissy 

 in Santos- 

 Dumont's De- 

 moiselle, ob- 

 taining his certificate in 1910. In 

 1911-12 he held several height 

 records, and came to the front as a 

 most daring and expert flyer. He 

 was 2nd in the races from Paris to 

 Madrid, and from Paris to Rome, 

 and became the idol of France by 

 a successful flight of 500 m. across 

 the Mediterranean from San 

 Raphael to Bizerta. He also won in 

 1912 the Grand Prix of the Aero 

 Club of France in a violent storm, 

 and in 1914 competed in the race 

 from Hendon to Paris and back. 



When the Great War broke out 

 Garros joined the famous Cigognes 

 (Stork) squadron, becoming flight- 

 lieut. at the end of 1914. Greatly 

 feared by enemy airmen, in April, 

 1915, when descending low during 

 bombing operations, his machine 

 was hit, and he was forced to land 

 near Ingelmunster, in W. Flanders, 

 being eventually captured. He es- 

 caped, Feb., 1918, and did further 

 good work against the enemy until 

 Oct. 5, 1918, on which date the 

 Germans reported that he had been 

 shot down and killed. See Aero- 

 plane : Air Records, etc. 



Garrotte (Span, gar rote, cudgel). 

 Spanish method of execution by 

 strangulation. Originally the con- 

 demned person was seated in a 

 chair fixed at the back to an up- 

 right post. A cord was placed 

 round his neck and also round the 

 post. Strangulation was produced 

 by twisting the cord with a stick 

 after the manner of a tourniquet, 

 for which a former alternative term 

 was garrot. Later on the chair was 

 provided with a hinged iron collar, 

 in the back of which was a sharp- 

 pointed screw, or a lever. Death 

 was caused by dislocation of the 

 spinal column, or by a blade which 

 on being forced forward severed 

 the spinal cord. 



During the Inquisition prisoners 

 who recanted were occasionally 

 offered death by the garrotte as a 

 mark of favour, instead of death 

 by actual burning. But the former, 

 in the hands of a careless or unskil- 

 ful executioner, was capable of in- 

 flicting severe torture before the 

 end came. Possibly the garrotte 

 came into use in Spain as a result 

 of the Moorish rule in the country, 

 for, as originally employed, it 

 closely resembles the use of the 

 bowstring in the East. 



The winter of 1862-63 was 

 marked in Great Britain by a seri- 

 ous outbreak of highway robbery 

 with violence, many victims being 

 attacked from behind and half- 

 strangled by a cord or handkerchief 

 thrown over' their heads. The evil 

 became so serious that in 1863 the 

 Garotting Act was passed author- 

 ising the punishment of offenders 

 by flogging, which proved an effec- 

 tive deterrent. 



Garrucha. Seaport of Spain, in 

 the prov. of Almeria. It stands on 

 the Mediterranean, 40 m. N.E. of 

 Almeria, and although it has no 

 railway, it exports mineral ores, 

 esparto, and fruit. Pop. 5,000. 



Garry. Lake of Canada, in the 

 North- West territories. It is in lat. 

 66, and on the borders of the Arc- 

 tic circle. The Back, or Great Fish, 

 river passes through ib, carrying its 

 waters to the Arctic Sea. Its area 

 is 980 sq. m. There is also a Garry 

 Island, this being in the Arctic 

 Ocean, off the mouth of the Mac- 

 kenzie river. 



Garrya. Small genus of ever- 

 green shrubs. They belong to the 

 natural order Cornaceae, and are 



Garrya. Spray of foliage and flower 

 and sectional diagram of a berry 

 natives of the warmer parts of 

 America. They have opposite, oval 

 or elliptic leaves, arid greenish- 

 white or yellowish flowers in long 

 pendulous sprays ; the males being 

 on one plant, the females on an- 

 other. Garrya elliptica, a native of 

 California, is frequently grown in 

 the warmer parts of Europe. 



Garshin, VSIKVOLOD MICHAIL- 

 OVITCH (1855-85). Russian novel- 

 ist. Known as an infant prodigy, 



his Essay on Death, written when 

 he was 17, is a piece of surprising 

 realism. His short stories, which 

 form his best works, showed him 

 at once imbued with the spirit of 

 the romantics, and greatly influ- 

 enced by Tolstoi, both in vivid 

 war scenes and in a tendency to 

 allegory. Loathing war, he served 

 as a soldier, that he might not shirk 

 what others were compelled to 

 endure. The execution of a friend 

 drove Garshin mad, and though he 

 recovered his mind was unbalanced, 

 and finally he committed suicide. 



Garstang, JOHN (b. 1876). Brit- 

 ish archaeologist. Educated at 

 Blackburn and Jesus College, Ox- 

 ford, he devoted himself to archae- 

 ology, and excavated Roman sites 

 at Ribchester, Richborough, etc., 

 and Egyptian sites, including Aby- 

 dos, Beni-Hassan, and Negada. In 

 1907 he became John Rankin pro- 

 fessor of archaeology in Liverpool 

 University. He excavated the Hit- 

 tite site of Sakjegeuzi, 1908 and 

 1911, and the Ethiopian site of 

 Meroe, 1909-14. During the Great 

 War he was engaged on Red Cross 

 work in France. Besides his official 

 reports he published Burial Cus- 

 toms of Ancient Egypt, 1907 ; The 

 Land of the Hittites, 1910 ; Meroe, 

 1911 ; and, jointly with P. E. New- 

 berry, Short History of Ancient 

 Egypt, 1904. See portrait, Intro- 

 duction. 



Garstin, SIR WILLIAM EDMUND 

 (1849-1925). British engineer. 

 Born Jan. 29, 1849, be was edu- 

 cated at Chel- 

 tenham Col- 

 1 e g e and 

 King's Col- 

 lege, London. 

 In 1872 he 

 entered the 

 India public 

 works dept. 

 and was em- 

 ployed for a 

 time in Egypt. 

 In 1892 he left the dept. to 

 become inspector-general of irri- 

 gation in Egypt, being also under- 

 secretary for pu blic works. He held 

 these positions until 1904, and was 

 responsible for the improvements 

 carried out under Lords Cromer 

 and Kitchener. Knighted in 1897, 

 in 1904 Garstin was appointed a 

 director of the Suez Canal Co. He 

 died Jan. 8, 1925. 



Gars ton. Port and parish of 

 Lancashire, now included in the 

 city of Liverpool. It stands on the 

 Mersey, 6m. S.E. of Liverpool. Here 

 are the docks of the L. & N. W. Rly., 

 from which coal is shipped. Salt 

 is the chief manufacture, and there 

 are also iron and copper works. 

 Pop. 23,850. There is a parish of the 

 same name near Watford, Herts. 



Sir W. E. Garstin, 

 British engineer 



