

GASOGENE 



3441 



GASPARIN 





cylinder is divided into four com- 

 partments and works in water 

 which reaches just above the axle. 

 Gas is admitted into each com- 

 partment in succession, and in 

 entering drives the cylinder round 

 and raises the compartment out 

 of the water. The movement is 

 recorded by clockwork actuated by 

 the revolving axle and provided 

 with dials and clock hands which 

 indicate the number of thousand 

 feet of gas consumed in a given 

 time. While this form of meter is 

 retained at the gasworks them- 

 selves for recording the amount of 

 gas produced, the dry meter is now 

 more generally used on the premises 

 of consumers. The dry meter con- 

 sists of a pair of bellows of cylindri- 

 cal shape filled and emptied alter- 

 nately by the pressure of the gas 

 itself, the movements being re- 

 corded in the same way as the 

 movement of the wet meter. 



Gasogene OB SELTZOGENE. Ap- 

 paratus for charging water with 

 gas, usually carbonic acid gas for 



Gasogene. A, water container ; 

 B, gas generator ; C, tube which 

 permits water from container to be 

 poured upon the salts in the 

 generator ; D, tube by which water 

 is withdrawn ; E, trigger which 

 opens valve G ; F, spring which 

 pulls valve back to its seat ; 

 H, finger stud. Head and central 

 tube can be removed as shown 



mineral waters. It consists of two 

 glass globes connected by a wide 

 glass tube which runs nearly the 

 whole diameter of the two globes. 

 Another tube leads from a valve 

 on the upper globe through the 

 wide tube to the bottom of 

 the lower globe, which is filled 

 with water. 



The upper globe contains a mix- 

 ture of sodium bicarbonate and 

 tartaric acid, for the production, 

 with water, of carbonic acid gas. 

 When the valve is fastened the 

 apparatus is tilted sufficiently to 



allow a little water to enter the 

 upper globe and so begin the pro- 

 duction of the gas, which is dis- 

 solved by the water under the 

 increased pressure. This form of 

 gasogene has been greatly super- 

 seded by the substitution of steel 

 capsules containing carbonic acid 

 gas in a high state of compression. 

 By a needle and valve arrangement 

 the gas can be released into a 



Gas Meter. Below, wet meter : a, 

 casing ; b, revolving drum in com- 

 partments (arrows show direc- 

 tion of rotation) ; c, compartment 

 filling with water which is driving 

 out gas ; d, compartment just filled 

 with gas ; e, compartment begin- 

 ning to be filled with gas ; f, gas 

 inlet ; g, gas outlet. Above, dry 

 gas meter : a, casing ; b b', measur- 

 ing compartments divided by dia- 

 phragm c, ; e e', bellows worked by 

 pressure of gas (e is collapsed, and 

 e is distended, movement then 

 beginning to be reversed) ; f f, 

 levers attached to bellows, and 

 moving with them to let gas in and 

 out of compartments ; g g', valves ; 

 h, gas inlet ; j, gas outlet 



specially constructed vessel con- 

 taining water, so aerating the latter. 

 See Mineral Waters. 



Gasolene OR GASOLINE. One of 

 the products of fractional distilla- 

 tion of petroleum. The refined oil 

 boils at 90 F. to 200 F. according 

 to composition, and is used for 

 burning in vapour lamps, as a fuel 

 in internal combustion motors, and 

 as a solvent for oils and fats. In 

 the latter connexion it is much used 

 for the extraction of oil from oil 

 seeds. See Petroleum. 



Gasometer OR GAS HOLDER. 

 Circular water tank in which a cir- 

 cular steel chamber or bell of al- 

 most equal diameter and height, 

 closed at the top, is able to rise and 

 fall. Gas is admitted under the 

 bell, which rises when the pressure 

 exceeds a very low minimum. The 

 hydrostatic pressure of the water 

 above the rim of the bell, even 

 when the bell is in its highest posi- 

 tion, is sufficient to prevent gas 

 escaping. See Coal Gas. 



Gasometry OR GAS ANALYSIS. 

 Special branch of chemical analysis. 

 It is employed not only for esti- 

 mating the purity of simple gases, 

 but for testing the composition of 

 illuminating gas, the efficiency of 

 pyrites roasting furnaces, and the 

 wholesomeness of the air of dwell- 

 ing-houses. Carbonic acid gas is 

 absorbed entirely by a fixed caustic 

 alkali such as potassium hydroxide. 



Automatic methods have been 

 devised for use by the technical 

 chemist in analysing coal gas. He 

 tests for (1) carbon dioxide; (2) 

 ethylene and benzene ; (3) oxygen ; 

 (4) carbon monoxide ; (5) hydro- 

 gen and methane ; (6) nitrogen. 



A measured quantity of coal gas 

 is passed in turn through (1) potas- 

 sium hydroxide ; (2) bromine or 

 fuming sulphuric acid ; (3) an alka- 

 line solution of pyrogallol. sodium 

 hyposulphite, or phosphorus ; (4) 

 ammoniacal cuprous chloride, fol- 

 lowed by dilute sulphuric acid. 

 These processes remove the first four 

 constituents, and measurement of 

 the changes produced in each case 

 enables the chemist to determine 

 the quantity of each substance in 

 the sample of gas. The remainder of 

 the sample is then tested for hydro- 

 gen and methane, either by com- 

 bustion with oxygen over palladium 

 asbestos or by explosion, and the 

 final residue is nitrogen. 



Gasparin, VALERIE BOISSIER, 

 COMTESSE DE (1813-94). French 

 writer. Born at Geneva, she 

 married Count Agenor de Gasparin, 

 a French politician prominent in 

 the French Protestant movement, 

 whose views she shared. She wrote 

 a number of books on religious and 

 social themes, notably Le Mariage 

 au Point de Vue Chretien, 1843, 



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