3442 



GAS SHELL 



and H y a des Pauvres & Paris, 1846 

 (both awarded the French Acad- 

 emy's Montyon prize). Other 

 works are : Livre pour les femmes 

 mariees, 1845 ; Les Horizons Pro- 

 chains, 1858 ; Les Horizons Celes- 

 tes, 1859, in translations the best 

 known of her books ; and L' Armee 

 du Salut: lisez et jugez, 1883 

 (on the work of the Salvation 

 Army). She translated many Eng- 

 lish works, including some of 

 Dickens, into French. She died at 

 Geneva, June 29, 1894. Her works 

 were widely translated. See Mono- 

 graphs (in French) by M. Dutoit, 

 1901 ; C. Barbey-Boissier, 1902. 



Gaspe. Peninsula forming the 

 eastern part of the prov. of Quebec, 

 Canada. It lies between the St. 

 Lawrence and Chaleur Bay. The 

 interior is forest land and on the 

 coast are a few fishing villages. 

 There are several mountain ranges 

 and the district is well watered, but 

 owing to the great cold it is thinly 

 populated. The name is also borne 

 by a cape and a bay at the eastern 

 end ; on the latter is Gaspe Basin, 

 a fishing centre where Jacques 

 Cartier landed July 24, 1534. 



Gaspe Sandstone. Siliceous 

 rock containing fossil plants of 

 Devonian age. It is developed in 

 the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec. 



Gas Poisoning. The effects of 

 gas as employed by the Germans in 

 the Great War varied with the type 

 of gas used. In the earlier attacks 

 the gases employed were chlorine 

 and phosgene, which acted mainly 

 by irritating the lungs. Later 

 lachrymal gas was employed. This 

 caused a profuse flow of tears and 

 smarting of the eyes, sometimes so 

 extreme as to prevent the eyes 

 being opened. In July, 1917, the 

 Germans began to use di-chlor- 

 ethyl-sulphide or mustard gas, 

 which caused burning of the tissues. 



The immediate symptoms of the 

 lung irritants, of which phosgene 

 may be taken as the type, were 

 pain in the chest, cough, nausea, 

 retching, and vomiting. Oedema 

 of the lung followed, leading to 

 difficulty in breathing. Some cases 

 showed deep cyanosis (blueness of 

 the face and skin). In others the 

 skin was of an ashen, leaden colour, 

 and signs of profound collapse were 

 present. In the fatal cases death 

 was due to suffocation or collapse. 

 In non-fatal cases recovery com- 

 menced within 3 days, and the 

 great majority of the sufferers re- 

 covered completely. 



A certain proportion suffered 

 from prolonged or permanent after- 

 effects. In some cases there have 

 been permanent changes in the 

 lungs and in others disturbance of 

 the functions of the heart, with 

 pain, difficulty in breathing, and 



persistently rapid pulse. The ad- 

 ministration of oxygen, especially 

 by means of Haldane's apparatus, 

 proved the most efficacious form of 

 treatment. The effects of lachry- 

 mal gas and of nasal irritants, such 

 as compounds of arsine, were not 

 so serious, and the symptoms usu- 

 ally disappeared in a short time. 



The first effects of mustard gas> 

 were to cause smarting and water- 

 ing of the eyes followed by in- 

 flammation of the conjunctiva. 

 There was also running from the 

 nose, followed by nausea, vomiting, 

 and abdominal pain. The throat 

 became dry and burning, and the 

 voice hoarse. Inflammation of the 

 skin occurred in patches in various 

 parts of the body, followed by 

 blistering. The patient was some- 

 times practically blinded by in- 

 flammation and swelling of the eye- 

 lids. In severe cases bronchitis or 

 broncho -pneumonia followed, with 

 involvement of the heart, and death 

 from the second or third day to the 

 third or fourth week. 



Mustard gas clung to the ground 

 and sometimes rendered a position 

 untenable for as long as a fortnight. 

 It would soak through leggings and 

 even the upper parts of boots, pro- 

 ducing severe irritation and burning 

 of the skin. A certain proportion of 

 cases have suffered permanently. 

 Sometimes chronic bronchitis has 

 developed, and in other cases neur- 

 asthenia or hysteria has followed. 

 Gasquet, FRANCIS AID AN (b. 

 1846). British cardinal. Born in 

 London, Oct. 5, 1846, and educated 

 at Downside 

 College, Bath, 

 he was ordained 

 priest in 1874, 

 and from 1878 

 -85 was prior 

 of Downside. 

 In 1886 he 

 began that 

 systematic his- 

 torical research 



which resulted 

 Russell fo guch works 



as Henry VIII and the English 

 Monasteries, 1888; The Last Abbot 

 of Glastonbury, 1895; The Eve of 

 the Reformation, 1900; and Mon- 

 astic Life in England, 1904. 



In 1896 he was appointed a 

 member of Pope Leo XIII's com- 

 mission on Anglican Orders. From 

 1900-14 he was abbot-president of 

 the English Benedictine Congrega- 

 tion. In 1907 he was appointed 

 president of the commission for the 

 revision of the Vulgate. He was 

 created a cardinal priest, by the 

 title of S. George in Velabro, in 

 May, 1914. 



Gassendi, PIERRE (1592-1655). 

 French philosopher and mathema- 

 tician. Professor of mathematics 



Francis A. Gasquet, 

 British cardinal 



at the Royal College, Paris, he 

 endeavoured to reconcile the 

 Epicurean, atomistic, mechanical 

 theory of the 

 origin of things 

 with the doc- 

 trines of Chris- 

 tianity. He 

 affirmed the 

 immortality of 

 the eoul and 

 the existence 

 of an inde- 

 pendent first 

 cause. He 

 wrote many philosophic and contro- 

 versial works, notably on Epicurus 

 and against Descartes, and on as- 

 tronomy. He died on Oct. 24, 1655. 



Gasserion Ganglion. Mass of 

 nerve cells situated on the fifth 

 nerve inside the skull. It is some- 

 times removed in cases of severe 

 and intractable trigeminal neural- 

 gia or tic doloureux. 



Gas Shell. Projectile for dis- 

 charge from guns, howitzers, and 

 trench mortars which contains a 

 charge of some 



Pierre Gassendi, 

 French philosopher 



Fus, 



chemical hav- 

 ing a lethal or 

 irritant effect 

 on human 

 beings, which 

 is ejected into 

 the atmo- 

 sphere by the 

 bursting of a 

 small explo- 

 sive charge on 

 impact of the 

 shell. These 

 chemical fill- 



ings are popu- 



larly termed egffi | 



Drirmg > /S^ =_=~^: 



"gas," though 

 the majority 

 are normally 

 liquids and 

 some are 

 solids. Gas 

 shell were first 

 used in large 

 quantities by 

 the Germans 

 in the Somme 

 battles, 1916. 



The lethal 

 gases may be 

 fugitive, e.g. 

 prussic acid, 

 or persistent, 

 e.g. di-phos- 

 gene and mus- 

 tard gas. 



Xylyl and 

 benzyl bro- 



Gas shell with explo- 

 sive charge in the 

 head. Above, with 

 charge in central tube 



car bylamine 



chloride, and chloro-acetone were 

 employed in lachrymatory shells, and 



