GATWICK 



3449 



GAUL 



2,100 ft. wide at the base ; the 

 crest is 115 ft. above sea level 

 and 21 ft. above the normal level 

 of Lake Gatun, and 100 ft. wide. 



Gatwick. Racecourse in Surrey. 

 It is 6 m. from Reigate, and several 

 meetings are held here during the 

 voar. There is a station on the 

 L.B. & S.C. Rly., but it is only open 

 during the meetings. 



Gau. Old Teutonic word mean- 

 ing district. In the old Germanic 

 state it comprised several villages, 

 united for judicial and military 

 purposes, under the control of a 

 count (Qaugraf), and corresponded 

 to the English shire or county. It 

 lost its political meaning in the 

 12th century, but the name sur- 

 vives in Aargau, Thorgau, Ober- 

 ammergau, etc. See County. 



Gauchet, VICE-ADMIRAL (b. 

 1855). French sailor. Having 

 entered the French navy, he be- 

 came a gun- 

 nery specialist. 

 When in com- 

 m a n d of a 

 battleship divi- 

 sion, with his 

 flag in the 

 Mirabcau, he 

 organized o n 

 improved lines 

 Vice- Admiral Gauchet, the gunnery 

 French sailor practice of his 

 ships, and paid special attention to 

 the development of firing at long 

 ranges. In 1914 he was appointed a 

 member of the naval board, being 

 responsible for the construction and 

 ordnance of the fleet. He succeeded 

 Admiral du Fournet (q.v.) in the 

 Levant command, Oct., 1915, and 

 in Dec., 1910, became commander 

 of the Allied fleet in the Medi- 

 terranean. 



Gauche Wood. Wood of France, 

 in the dept. of Nord. It is H m. S. 

 of Gonnelieu and slightly S.E. of 

 Gouzeaucourt (q.v. ). It was con- 

 spicuous in the fighting around 

 Cambrai in the Great War. Cap- 

 tured by the British in April, 1917, 

 it was recaptured by the Germans, 

 Dec., 1917, but was immediately 

 regained by the British after severe 

 fighting. It was the scene of a 

 great stand by the British, March 

 21, 1918, in the German offensive 

 towards Amiens, the British re- 

 tiring from it on March 26, 1918. 

 It was finally recovered by the 

 British 17th division in Sept., 1918. 

 See Cambrai, Battles of. 



Gauchos (Araucanian, friends). 

 Natives of Spanish paternity in 

 Uruguay and the Argentine pampas. 

 One strain claimed descent from 

 the Spanish conquistadores modi- 

 fied in their native environment. 

 Another is largely mixed with 

 Guaycuru blood in Uruguay, with 

 Araucanian on the pampas. Daring 



Gatwick. Fart of the racecourse and the grand stand 



horsemen, wielding bola and lasso, 

 they were nomad cattlemen, dis- 

 tinguishable from the Pampas 

 Indians. Pron. Gow-chose. See 

 Argentina ; Brazil ; Chile, illus. 



Gaudeamus. Title and first 

 word of an old German students' 

 song in dog-Latin. The theme of it 

 is " let us rejoice while we are 

 young " (Gaudeamus . . . juvenes). 

 It is also the title of a collection of 

 students' and school songs by John 

 Farmer, 1890, and is included in 

 the Scottish Students' Song-book. 



Gauden, JOHN (1605-62). Eng- 

 lish author and bishop. Educated 

 at S. John's College, Cambridge, he 

 became dean of Booking in 1641, 

 having parliamentary sympathies, 

 which later events modified. He 

 published several defences of the 

 Church during the Commonwealth, 

 and was made bishop of Exeter in 

 Nov., 1660, being translated toWor- 

 cester, 1662. He died May 23, 1662. 

 He is remembered as claimant to 

 the authorship of Eikon Basilike 

 (q.v. ), a controversial point still 

 undecided. 



Gaugamela, BATTLE OF. Alter- 

 native name for the battle of 

 Arbela (q.v.). 



Gauge OR GAGE. Term used for 

 various types of measuring instru- 

 ments, e.g. water gauge, pressure 

 gauge, wire gauge, and also as a 

 standard, e.g. railway gauge. 



There is a great variety of gauges, 

 many of which are fully described 

 under their various headings. 

 Among them are wire gauges, used 

 for the measurement of the exter- 

 nal diameters of wires, certain of 

 which, e.g. the Birmingham wire 

 gauge, have become standard in 

 Great Britain ; a marking gauge, a 

 tool used by carpenters for scrib- 

 ing a line parallel to the edge of a 

 piece of wood, etc. ; rain gauges, 

 used for measuring the rainfall ; 

 and water and steam pressure 

 gauges attached to steam boilers, 

 enabling the engineer to ascertain 

 the quantity of water in the boiler 

 and the head of steam. Railway 

 gauge is the width between the 

 lines of a railroad. In Great Britain 

 and most countries of Europe, 

 Canada, and the U.S.A., the stan- 

 dard gauge is 4 ft. 8 \ ins. A gauge 



greater than this is called a broad 

 gauge, one smaller a narrow gauge. 



The term gauge is also used in a 

 nautical sense for the relative posi- 

 tions of two vessels and the wind. 

 A vessel is said to have the weather 

 gauge of another vessel when on the 

 windward side of it, and the lee 

 gauge when on the lee side. In 

 Scotland the term gauger is used 

 for an exciseman, i.e. one who 

 gauges or measures the contents of 

 casks. See Pressure Gauge ; Rail- 

 ways ; Steam Gauge ; Water Gauge. 



Gauguin, PAUL (1848-1903). 

 French painter. Born in Paris, he 

 was virtually self-trained, declaring 

 that schools and study of old 

 masters warped the artist's vision. 

 Wearying of European life, he spent 

 his last years in the island of Tahiti, 

 and died on Dominica, one of the 

 Antilles. His impressionist paint- 

 ings, marked by a vivid sense of 

 decorative colour and by striking 

 composition, are both characteris- 

 tic of the man and effective repre- 

 sentations of his subjects. Highly 

 valued by collectors, they have 

 greatly influenced contemporary 

 painting. 



Gauhati OR GOWHATTY. Town of 

 Assam, India, capital of the Kam- 

 rup district. Standing on the S. 

 bank of the Brahmaputra, 70 m. E. 

 of Goalpara, it is the largest town 

 in Assam and an important centre 

 of the river trade. The temple of 

 Kamakhya, which stands on an 

 eminence in the neighbourhood, 

 and the rocky islet of Umananda in 

 the Brahmaputra, are places of 

 Hindu pilgrimage. Formerly the 

 Hindu capital of Kamrup, many 

 ruined temples and quaintly carved 

 slabs found on both sides of the 

 river attest its former greatness. 

 There is a high school and a Persian 

 school here. Down to 1874 Gauhati 

 was the headquarters of the British 

 administration, afterwards trans- 

 ferred to Shillong. Pop. about 

 10,000. => 



Gaul. Old name for France. It 

 is derived from Gallia, the name 

 given to that country by its Roman 

 conquerors. This Gaul was some- 

 what larger than the modern 

 France, as it included Belgium and 

 parts of Germany, Holland, and 



