GAULOIS 



GAUTIER 



Switzerland. There was also what 

 was called Gallia CisaJpina, or nor- 

 thern Italy. Gaul was conqxiered by 

 Julius Caesar and organized under 

 Augustus and Tiberius. Its inhabi- 

 tants were mainly Celts. See France. 



Gaulois. French battleship. She 

 was torpedoed and sunk in the 

 Aegean Sea, Dec. 27, 1916. She 

 dated from 1896, displaced 11,260 

 tons, and had engines of 14,500 

 horse -power, with a speed of ISknots. 



Gault. Soft, bluish clay of Cre- 

 taceous age. It occurs between 

 Lower and Upper Greensand in the 

 south of England. It is used in 

 the manufacture of bricks and tiles. 



Gaultheria. Volatile oil used in 

 medicine for the treatment of mus- 

 cular rheumatism. iSeeWintergreen. 



Gaunt. English variant of 

 Ghent. It is chiefly known because 

 borne by John of Gaunt, duke of 

 Lancaster, who was born at Ghent. 

 See Lancaster, Duke of. 



Gaunt, SIR ERNEST FREDERICK 



AUGUSTUS (b. 1865). British sailor. 

 Bora March 25, 1865, he joined tho 

 navy in 1878, was first commissioner 

 for Wei-hai-wei, and administrator 

 of Liu-kung-tao, 1898-99, and dis- 

 tinguished himself in the suppress- 

 ion of Boxer rising in China, and in 

 operations in Somaliland, 1903. 

 Rear-admiral 1st battle squadron, 

 buttle of Jutland, he was Com- 

 mander-in-chief East Indies, 1917- 

 iy, and ot the Western Appmacnea 

 1921-22. He was knighted in 1919. 



Gauntlet (Fr. gdntelet, little 

 glove). In armour, a glove of 

 leather covered witli scale-work or 

 overlapping metal plates which 

 permitted the hand to close. It was 

 originally made without separate 

 fingers, and with a metal extension 

 over the wrist. Throwing down a 

 gauntlet was a recognized form of 

 challenge which survives as part of 

 the British coronation ceremonial. 



Running the gauntlet was a for- 

 mer mode of punishment in which 

 the offender ran between two rows 

 of men armed with sticks or ropes, 

 receiving a blow from each. Gaunt- 

 let here is a corruption of the Swed. 

 gatlopp, lane-run, first anglicised as 

 gantlope. See Armour ; Challenge. 



Gaur OR GOUR (Bos gaurus). 

 Species of large, wild cattle. Found 

 in great herds in the forests of India 

 and Burma, they are black in 

 colour, with prominent ears and 

 flattened horns ; and often as much 

 as 6 ft. high at the withers. 



Gauss. Unit of measurement 

 of the intensity or flux density of 

 a magnetic field. A gauss is the 

 measure of the intensity produced 

 by oneweber, i.e. one absolute line of 

 force passing at right angles through, 

 an area of one square centimetre. 



Gauss, KARL FRIFDRICH (1777- 

 1855). German mathematician. 



Born in Brunswick, April 30, 1777, 

 the son of a bricklayer, he was 

 educated by the reigning duke of 

 Brunswick. Many of his discoveries 

 of the theory of numbers were made 

 while still a student at Gottingen. 

 His calculation of the elements of 

 the newly discovered planet Ceres 

 placed him in the highest rank of 

 theoretical astronomers as well as 

 of arithmeticians. Made director 

 of the Gottingen observatory, 1807, 

 he died there Feb. 23, 1855. 



Gaussberg. Mountain mass of 

 Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, Ant- 

 arctica. It has an alt. of 1,148 ft., 

 and was discovered by the explprer 

 Drygalski in 1902 and surveyed by 

 the Mawson Expedition, Nov. 22, 

 1912. It lies between lat. 67 8, 



Albertus, 1830, in verse, and Mile, 

 de Maupin, 1835, in prose. Though 

 compelled to give much of his 

 energy to journalism, his work in 

 literature was voluminous and 

 varied. In verse his principal vol- 

 umes are La Comedie de la Mort, 

 1838, and Emaux et Camees, 1852. 

 His prose includes many tales and 

 stories (e.g. Fortunio, 1838, and 

 Jettatura, 1857) ; a remarkable 

 piece of archaeological fiction, Le 

 Roman de la Momie, 1856 ; Le 

 Capitaine Fracasse, 1863, a dash- 

 ing historical novel of adventure ; 

 some picturesque records of travel ; 

 the charming semi-autobiographi- 

 cal Paradis des Chats (published 

 in Le Figaro) and Menagerie 

 Intime, 1809; and numerous 



Gauntlet. Left, specimens of Italian work, early 16th century, 

 gauntlets, German 16th century 



Right, mitten 



and the Antarctic circle, long. 89 E. 



Gaussen, FRANCOIS SAMUEL 

 ROBERT Lotus (1790-1863). Swiss 

 Protestant theologian. He became 

 pastor of the Swiss Reformed 

 church at Satigny, but was deposed 

 hi 1832. In that year he helped to 

 found the evangelical society, and 

 was professor of theology in a new 

 college at Geneva, 1836-1857. He 

 died^Tune 18, 1863. His works in- 

 cluded Theopneustics and Canon 

 of Scripture. 



Gautama (c. 560-480 B.C.). 

 Name of Buddha, founder of 

 Buddhism (q.v.). 



Gautier, THOPHILE (1811-72). 

 French author. Born at Tarbes, 

 Aug. 31, 1811. and admitted j'oung 

 to Hugo's cir- 

 cle, he was an 

 enthusiastic 

 supporter of 

 the master hi 

 the " battle of 

 Hernani," and 

 later gained 

 further notori- 

 ety with two 

 brilliant but 

 licentious 

 romances, c 



volumes on the history of litera- 

 ture and art (Les Grotesques, 

 1844 ; L'histoire de 1'Art Theatral 

 en France depuis 25 Ans, 1860; 

 and the posthumous L'histoire du 

 Roman tisme). 



Gautier early outgrew his ex- 

 treme romanticism, the extrava- 

 gances of which he satirised in Les 

 Jeunes -France, 1833; and in his 

 poetry, in opposition to the prevail- 

 ing mode, he sought to paint pic- 

 tures rather than to analyse and 

 express his personal emotions. Un- 

 like most of the romantics, too, he 

 was utterly indifferent to all philo- 

 sophical and social interests. He 

 died Oct. 23, 1872. 



Gautier's daughter Judith, who 

 died in 1917, wrote historical 

 novels and poetry, and was a 

 distinguished Oriental scholar. She 

 collaborated with Pierre Loti in 

 the play La Fille du Ciel, 1912. 



Bibliography. Works, Eng. trans, 

 ed. F. C. de Sumichrast, 1900, etc. ; 

 Theophile Gautier : entretiens, 

 souvenirs et correspon dance, E. 

 Bergerat, 1879 ; French Poets and 

 Novelists, Henry Jarnes, repr. 1884 ; 

 Theophile Gautier : Critical bio- 

 graphy, Maxime Du Camp, Eng. 

 trans. J. E. Gordon, 1893. 



