GELE" E 



varied and picturesque. The prov 

 ince, which sends six members to 

 the lower chamber, has a charac 

 teristic dialect of High German 

 tendencies. Area. 1,939 sq. m 

 Pop. 727,165. 



Gelderland was part ot the 

 Frankish kingdom of Austrasia 

 It was made a county by the em- 

 peror Henry IV in 1079 for Gerard 

 of Wassenburg, whose descendants 

 became its hereditary rulers. Rey 

 nald I was defeated by John ol 

 Brabant at Woeringen, 1288, but 

 his son Reynald II extended and 

 strengthened his domains, which 

 were erected into a duchy by the 

 emperor Louis V in 1339. Dynastic 

 quarrels marked the middle of the 

 14th century, and in 1379 the sue 

 cession fell to William of Juliers. 



Duke Arnold of Egmont ceded 

 the duchy to Charles the Bold of 

 Burgundy in 1472, the latter suc- 

 ceeding in 1473, though strongly 

 opposed by the estates, i.e. a body 

 representative of the nobility and 

 the chief towns. Arnold's son, 

 Adolph, succeeded Charles in 1477. 

 In 1483 Maximilian of Austria as- 

 sumed suzerainty, but he was chal- 

 lenged by Charles of Egmont, who 

 ceded the duchy to William of 

 Cleves in 1538. In 1543 Gelderland 

 passed to the emperor Charles V, 

 remaining a Hapsburg fief until it 

 became one of the United Provinces 

 in 1578. 



Occupied by Louis XIV, 1672-73, 

 part of the province went to Prus- 

 sia in 1713. The French revolu- 

 tionary armies invaded it in 1794, 

 and from 1810-14 it was in the 

 French possessions as the dept. of 

 Roer. In 1814 it finally became 

 part of the kingdom of the Nether- 

 lands (q.v.). 



Gel6e,CLAUDE( 1600-82). French 

 painter. He is usually known as 

 Claude Lorrain, from his birthplace, 

 Chamagne i n 

 Lorraine. Go- 

 ing to Italy as 

 a youth, h e 

 was employed 

 in Rome for 

 some years by 

 the landscape 

 painter, Tassi, 

 who aided and 



Claude Gelee, encouraged 

 French painter him. He did 



From an old portrait much Open-air 



sketching, the foundation of his 

 great powers as a landscape painter, 

 and left Tassi in 1625. He then 

 travelled widely, working in Venice. 

 France, and Nancy, returning to 

 Rome in 1627. His pictures soon 

 secured him patrons, and thencefor- 

 ward he was steadily at work. To 

 guard against the frequent forgeries 

 of his works, he compiled the six 

 volumes of Libri cli Verita (Books of 



GELLERT 



Gelee. 



Embarkation of S. Ursula. Painted by Claude Lorrain for Cardinal 

 Barberini in 1646. now in the National Gallery. London 



Truth), in which he drew sketches 

 of all pictures leaving his studio, 

 giving details of dates and owner- 

 ship. These now belong to the duke 

 of Devonshire, but were reproduced 

 and published in 1777. Claude died 

 at Rome, Nov. 21, 1682. 



His works are marked by a 

 richness of detail and grandeur of 

 composition which few of the 

 classical landscape painters have 

 approached. His intimate know- 

 ledge of nature, coupled with his 

 delicate sense of colour, produced 

 many scenes of surpassing beauty, 

 although he was quite unable to 

 paint the human figure adequately, 

 sometimes being obliged to have his 

 figures inserted by other hands. 

 Good examples are to be found in 

 the National Gallery, London, es- 

 pecially the Marriage of Isaac and 

 Rebecca, and the Embarkation of 

 the Queen of Sheba. 



Gelignite. Industrial high ex- 

 plosive. It is used for blasting 

 where a cheaper and less violent ex- 

 plosive than blasting gelatin is 

 required. It is generally regarded 

 as a standard explosive. It con- 

 tains about 65 p.c. of nitroglycerin, 

 which has been made to the consis- 

 tency of thin jelly by the solution 

 in it of collodion cotton, 27 p.c. of 

 potassium nitrate, and 7 p.c. of 

 woodmeal. A little calcium carbon- 

 ate is present, as in the case of 

 blasting gelatin, and a small quan- 

 tity of moisture. Gelignite is not 

 so local in its action as blasting 

 gelatin, rocks over a wider area 

 being split into larger fragments. 

 See Blasting Gelatin ; Explosives : 

 Dynamite ; Nitroglycerin. 



Gelimer. Last Vandal king. A 

 descendant of Gaiseric, he made 

 himself king of the Vandals in 530 

 by overthrowing his kinsman Hil- 



deric, whom a little later he mur- 

 dered. He ruled over the Vandal 

 kingdom in Africa for about four 

 years. In 533 his kingdom was 

 attacked by the Romans. A force 

 under Belisarius landed in Africa, 

 and met the Vandals in battle 10m. 

 from Carthage. There Gelimer's 

 force was routed, and Carthage was 

 entered. However, the king as- 

 sembled a new army, and a second 

 time gave battle to Belisarius. 

 This took place in Dec., about 20 

 m. from Carthage, and ended in 

 the defeat of the Vandals. Gelimer 

 fled, but in March, 534, he sur- 

 rendered. He walked as a captive 

 in the triumphal procession of 

 Belisarius at Constantinople, after- 

 wards disappearing from history. 



Gell, SIR WILLIAM (1777-1836). 

 British antiquary and traveller. 

 Son of Philip Gell, of Hopton, 

 Derbyshire, he was educated at 

 Jesus College, Cambridge, became 

 a fellow of Emmanuel, and studied 

 at the Royal Academy school. He 

 was knighted in 1803, on his return 

 from a mission to the Ionian 

 Islands ; was chamberlain to Queen 

 Caroline in 1820, and, living there- 

 after mainly in Italy, died at 

 Naples, Feb. 4, 1836. He wrote a 

 number of authoritative books on 

 the topography and antiquities 

 of Troy, Ithaca, the Morea, 

 Pompeii, and Rome, most of then 

 being illustrated from sketches 

 by himself. 



Gellert. Hound given according 

 to tradition by King John to his 

 son-in-law, Llewellyn, in 1205. 

 The story runs that Llewellyn, re- 

 turning from a hunt at which 

 Gellert had been missing, was met 

 by the dog covered with blood. 

 Hurrying into his castle he found 

 his infant heir's cradle overturned 



