GEOMORPHOLOGY ' 



The theory of vectors received a 

 great impetus at the hands of Sir 

 W. Rowan Hamilton under the 

 name of quaternions. See Conic Sec- 

 tions ; Einstein ; Fourth Dimen- 

 sion .; Mathematics ; Quaternions ; 

 Relativity ; Trigonometry. 



W. D. Evans 



Bibliography. School Geometry, 

 Hall and Stevens, 1906; Plane Geo- 

 metry for Advanced Students, C. V. 

 Durell, 1912; Coordinate Geometry 

 of Three Dimensions, R. J. T. Bell, 

 1912: Modern Geometry, C. V. 

 Durell, 1920. 



Geomorphology. Science of 

 the study of the crust of the 

 earth's surface. Geology deals 

 with the history of the formation 

 of mountainous masses, elevations, 

 depressions, etc., while geomorph- 

 ology deals with their present 

 configuration. See Geology. 



Geophagy OR EARTH EATING. 

 Widely spread custom of eating 

 various forms of earth, chiefly 

 clay. Its purpose is dietetic, medi- 

 cinal, or sacramental. In Caledonia, 

 cakes of iron -manganese earth are 

 eaten after copious meals ; in New 

 Guinea, eoapstone is preferred. The 

 Dyaks of Borneo eat a mixture of 

 red ochre and an oily clay ; the 

 Hopi Indians of North America 

 eat clay mixed with potatoes. 



Geophilus (Gr. ge, earth ; philos, 

 loving). Genus of blind centipedes 

 which live under ground, whence 

 their name of earth-loving. They 

 prey mainly upon worms, which 

 they attack in their burrows and on 

 the ground. 



George, THE. Part of the in- 

 signia of the order of the Garter. 

 It is an enamelled gold pendant, 

 representing S. George slaying 

 the dragon, and is suspended 

 from the collar. There is a " lesser 

 George " with the same device on 

 an enamelled ground, surrounded 

 by an oval garter. See Garter. 



George. Name formerly ap- 

 plied in a familiar sense to British 

 coins bearing the image of S. 

 George, e.g. the crown and the 

 guinea. The yellow George was a 

 cant term for the latter. 



George. Lake of Africa. It is 

 in the S.W. of the Uganda pro- 

 tectorate, forming a N.E. exten- 

 sion of Lake Edward, with which it 

 is connected by a narrow channel. 



George. Salt lake of New South 

 Wales. It is 25 m. S.W. of Goul- 

 burn, and is an isolated basin with 

 no outlet. Sometimes nearly dry, 

 it measures usually 25 m. by 8 m. 



George. Lake of New York, 

 U.S.A. Situated in the E. part of 

 the state, between Washington, 

 Essex, and Warren cos., it stretches 

 N.E. to S.W. for 35 m., and has a 

 breadth varying from 1 m. to 3 m. 

 Picturesquely located among the 

 foothills of the Adirondacks, it is a 



3479 



shallow, clear 

 water lake, 

 studded with 

 small islands, 

 and is drained 

 by a stream 

 into Lake Cham- 

 plain. ^ 



George (Gr. 

 georgos, hus- 

 bandman). 

 Masculine Chris- 

 tian name. Al- 

 though that of 

 the patron saint 

 of England, it 

 did not become 

 popular in that 

 country until 

 after George I 

 came to the 

 throne. The 

 German form is 

 Georg and the 

 French Georges. 

 Georgma and 

 Georgiana are feminine forms. 



George. Patron saint of Eng- 

 land. He is generally identified 

 with George of Cappadocia, who 

 was put to death by Diocletian, 

 April 23, 303. According to the 

 Golden Legend, having slain the 

 dragon, he put off his knightly 

 habit, gave all he had to the 

 poor and went forth to preach 

 Christianity, and was martyred 

 in 287. 



S. George first became recog- 

 nized as England's patron saint 

 under the Norman kings. In 1346 

 Edward III founded the Order of 

 the Garter with S. George as its 

 badge, and some years later Edward 

 IV built the present magnificent 

 S. George's Chapel at Windsor, 

 where, in the reign of Henry V, the 

 supposed heart of the saint was de- 

 posited as a precious relic. S. 

 George is also the patron saint of 

 Portugal and of Aragon. 



George I (1660-1727). King of 

 Great Britain and Ireland. Born at 

 Hanover, March 28, 1660, he was 

 the son of Ernest Augustus, after- 

 wards elector of Hanover, and was 

 baptized as George Louis. His 

 mother was Sophia, a grand-daugh- 

 ter of James I. In 1682 he married 

 a cousin, Sophia Dorothea, but the 

 union, partly owing to the prince's 

 numerous infi- 

 delities, was 

 unhappy, and 

 in 1694 the 

 princess was 

 divorced. 

 George served 

 with his 

 father's troop? 

 against the 

 French, but 

 much of his 

 early life was 



GEORGE II 



S. George, the patron saint of England. From a medal by 

 W. Wyon, R.A., executed for the Prince Consort in 1851 



given up to pleasures of the grosser 

 kind. In 1698 he became elector 

 of Hanover and in 1701 the Act of 

 Settlement recognized his mother 

 and then himself as heir to the 

 .throne of Great Britain. In 1707 

 he commanded an imperialist 

 army in the war of the Spanish 

 Succession, but resigned in 1710. 



On Aug. 1, 1714, George be- 

 came king, and he ruled Great 

 Britain for thirteen years. Al- 

 though neither popular nor in- 

 structed nor able, he had a certain 

 common-sense, while his ignorance 

 of English compelled him to leave 

 much to his ministers. By accident 

 or design, therefore, he may be de- 

 scribed as a constitutional sove- 

 reign. As a European figure, how- 

 ever, he was of much importance, 

 and in European politics was con- 

 stantly active. The king died at 

 Osnabriick, June 11, 1727, and was 

 buried at Hanover. Of his mis- 

 tresses the most prominent were the 

 ladies created by him duchess of 

 Kendal and countess of Darlington. 

 See The First George in Hanover 

 and England, L. Melville, 1908; 

 George I and the Northern War, 

 1709-21, J. F. Chance, 1909. 



George II (1683-1760). King 

 of Great Britain and Ireland. The 

 son of George I, he was born at 

 Herrenhausen when his father was 

 only electoral prince of Hanover, 

 Nov. 10, 1683. His early life was 

 passed in Hanover, where he was 

 educated, and at the head of some 

 Hanoverian troops he served 

 against France in the war of the 

 Spanish Succession. The Act of 

 Settlement of 1701 placed him in 

 the succession to the throne of 

 Great Britain, and in 1706 he was 

 made duke of Cambridge, but a 

 proposal that he should reside in 



After Kneller 



