GINGER ALE 



yellow and blue flowers are clus- 

 tered in a dense oval spike, on a 

 tall, leafless stem. Preserved 

 ginger consists of the young root- 

 stocks preserved in syrup. The 

 ordinary form, used as a spice, is 

 the year-old rootstock, either 

 skinned or unskinned. 



Ginger Ale. Aerated beverage 

 flavoured with ginger, acidulated 

 with citric or other vegetable acid, 

 and coloured with caramel. It is 

 manufactured in the same way as 

 soda-water, except that before 

 water saturated with carbonic acid 

 is forced into the bottle, a small 

 quantity of ginger-ale syrup is 

 placed hi it. This syrup contains 

 citric acid, caramel, ginger ale 

 essence, and sugar. The ginger ale 

 essence is a compound of ginger, 

 lemon, vanilla, and cinnamon, 

 each manufacturer having his 

 special proportions of ingredients, 

 upon which the flavour of the pro- 

 duct depends. Ginger ale is a 

 clear, effervescing liquid, highly 

 popular as a temperance beverage, 



Ginger Beer. Beverage fla- 

 voured with ginger and lemon, arid 

 produced by fermentation. If con- 

 taining less than 3 p.c. of proof 

 spirit, it may be sold without a 

 licence, but if it contains more, it 

 comes within the legal definition 

 of " beer," as given in the Revenue 

 Acts of 1880 and 1885. Ginger 

 beer is brewed as follows : Shce 

 four lemons and put them with 

 4 oz. of bruised Jamaica ginger, 2 

 oz. of cream of tartar, \ oz. of citric 

 acid, and 3 Ib. of sugar, into a 

 wooden vessel, and pour in 4 galls, 

 of boiling water. Cover over with 

 a blanket overnight, and next 

 morning add 2 oz. of yeast, and 

 allow the liquid to ferment for 

 eight hours. Then strain and 

 bottle, fastening the corks with 

 string or wire. As ginger beer is a 

 cloudy liquid it is usually bottled in 

 stone or earthenware bottles. The 

 clear variety in glass bottles, en- 

 tirely free of alcohol, is an aerated 

 water, flavoured with soluble 

 essence of ginger. 



Gingerbread. Cake flavoured 

 with ginger. The chief ingredients 

 are flour, butter or lard, eggs, and 

 treacle. More elaborate recipes add 

 candied peel, sweet almonds, cinna- 

 mon, etc. Gingerbread was made 

 six centuries ago with rye flour, 

 honey, and various spices, besides 

 ginger. At one time small ginger- 

 bread figures of people and animals 

 were sold by bakers, the figure 

 decorated with gold paper being 

 regarded by the children as the 

 king of the others. Many county 

 towns have been noted for ginger- 

 bread fairs, at which small ginger- 

 bread cakes, known in East Anglia 

 as " brown buttons," were sold. 



3533 



Ginger Wine. British wine 

 prepared from ginger, lemons, 

 raisins, and sugar, by fermentation. 

 One method of preparation is as 

 follows : Boil together for an hour 

 1 Ib. of loaf sugar, the rinds of 

 seven lemons and of two Seville 

 oranges, \ Ib. of bruised ginger, and 

 4 oz. of raisins, in 6 galls, of 

 water, then place in a wooden vat 

 and cover over. Next day add the 

 juice of the lemons and oranges, 

 and 1 oz. of isinglass ; strain into a 

 cask, and add two tablespoonfuls 

 of yeast. Allow to ferment three 

 days, then close the vessel with a 

 bung. After six weeks strain into 

 another cask, and four weeks later 

 the wine will be ready for bottling. 

 The modern method of making 

 British wines is to prepare what is 

 known as a " basis " wine, and 

 then to flavour it according to the 

 variety of wine desired. A licence 

 is necessary for the manufacture, 

 for sale, of ginger wine. 



Gingham (Malay ging-gang, 

 striped). Cotton or linen fabric 

 woven from white or coloured yarn 

 often in stripes, checks, or other 

 designs, used for dresses, um- 

 brellas, etc. Gingham was intro- 

 duced into Europe from India. 

 The patterns, though sometimes 

 resembling those on calico, are 

 woven in, not printed as on calico. 

 Gingham is manufactured chiefly 

 at Glasgow and Manchester, and 

 in the U.S.A. Earlston, in Berwick 

 shire, is still famous for its ging- 

 hams. An umbrella is sometimes 

 colloquially called a gingham. 



Gingivitis (Lat. gingiva, gums). 

 Inflammation of the gums (q.v.). 



Ginkel, GODART VAN (1630- 

 1703). Dutch soldier. Son of a 

 Dutch nobleman, he entered the 

 army and saw a good deal of 

 service in the wars against France. 

 In 1688, being then known as an 

 able soldier, he crossed to England 

 with William of Orange, under 

 whom he also served at the battle 

 of the Boyne. When the king re- 

 turned to England, Ginkel was left 

 in command in Ireland, where he 

 captured Ballymore and Athlone. 

 He was responsible for the English 

 victory at Aughrim and for the 

 captures of Galway and Limerick 

 that ended the war. He continued 

 his military career in the Low 

 Countries, and, in spite of his age, 

 led the Dutch in Marlborough's 

 army in 1702. He died at Utrecht, 

 Feb. 11, 1703. In 1691 Ginkel was 

 made earl of Athlone, a title held 

 by his descendants until 1844. 



Ginning. Separation of cotton 

 fibre from cotton seed by the gin 

 (a corruption of engine). Bowing 

 was the original process, the seed 

 being struck by the string of a 

 wooden bow. Roller gins with 



G10BERTI 



parallel fluted rollers were in use 

 before 1793, when Eli Whitney's 

 invention of the saw-gin ushered 

 in a new era in the cotton trade. 

 See Cotton. 



Gins burg, CHRISTIAN DAVID 

 (1831-1914). Polish Hebrew scho- 

 lar. He was born at Warsaw and 

 educated at the Rabbinical School, 

 and later in England, where he 

 made his home. He was a member 

 of the O.T. revision company, and 

 published a large number of im- 

 portant works on the Hebrew 

 Scriptures, as well as contributions 

 to encyclopedias and dictionaries. 

 It was owing to him that the MSS. 

 offered by Shapira to the British 

 Museum were discovered to be a 

 forgery. He died March 7, 1914. 



Ginseng (Panax schinseng). 

 Plant of the natural order Aralia- 

 ceae. A native of N. Asia, it has 



A 



Ginseng. Leaves and dowers CM 

 the medicinal herb 



compound leaves and greenish 

 flowers in umbels. The name is 

 Chinese, and signifies Wonder of 

 the World, the physicians believing 

 that the bitter root restores lost 

 animal functions, removes fatigue, 

 and rejuvenates the old. See 

 Araliaceae. 



Gioberti, VINCENZO (1801-52). 

 Italian philosopher and politician. 

 He was born at Turin, April 5, 

 1801, where he became professor of 

 theology. Exiled for his indepen- 

 dent opinions, he withdrew to 

 Paris. The events of 1848 brought 

 him back to Turin, where he held 

 various political offices. He after- 

 wards returned to Paris, where he 

 died Oct. 26, 1852. Gioberti, who 

 may be called a Platonic idealist, 

 endeavoured to reconcile the 

 claims of science and religion. 



His most important works were 

 Introduzione allo Studio della 

 Filosofia (Introduction to the 

 Study of Philosophy), Del Rinno- 

 vamento civile d'ltalia (the Civil 

 Renewal of Italy), and II Gesuita 

 Moderno (the modern Jesuit). 

 Although he was a devout Catholic, 

 his works, which were strictly ortho- 

 dox, were placed upon the Index. 



