Ellen A. G. Glasgow, 

 American novelist 



GLASGOW 



battle of the Falkland Islands 

 (Dec. 8, 1914), where she helped to 

 destroy the German light cruisers 

 Leipzig and Nurnberg. She de- 

 stroyed the German light cruiser 

 Dresden at Juan Fernandez, March 

 14, 1915. 



Glasgow, EAKL OF. Scottish 

 title borne since 1703 by the family 

 of Boyle. David Boyle, M.P. for 

 Buteshire, was made a peer in 1699 

 and raised to the rank of an earl in 

 1703. Patrick James, the 8th 

 earl, inherited the title in 1915. 

 The earl sits in the House of Lords 

 as Baron Fairlie, a title dating 

 from 1897, and his eldest son is 

 known as Viscount Kelburn. The 

 family seat is at Kelburn, Ayrshire. 

 Glasgow, ELLEN ANDERSON 

 GHOLSON (b. 1874). American 

 novelist. Born at Richmond, Vir- 

 ginia, April 22, 

 1874, she pub- 

 lished her first 

 novel,TheDes- 

 c end ant, in 

 1897. Then 

 came Phases 

 of an Inferior 

 Planet, 1898; 

 The Voice of 

 the People, 

 1900; The 

 Freeman and Other Poems, 1902 ; 

 The Battleground, 1902 ; The De- 

 liverance, 1904; The Wheel of Life, 

 1906; Ancient Law, 1908; The 

 Romance of a Plain Man, 1909; 

 The Miller of Old Church, 1911 ; 

 Life and Gabriella, 1916. 



Glasgow and South- Western 

 Railway. Scottish rly. company. 

 Its main line runs from Glasgow 

 along the west coast and to 

 Gretna. Its total mileage is 1,128, 

 and its headquarters are at St. 

 Enoch Station, Glasgow. The line 

 dates from 1840, and was known 

 as the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmar- 

 nock, and Ayr Rly. In 1850 the 

 Glasgow, Dumfries, and Carlisle Rly. 

 was taken over, and the present 

 title assumed. The company now 

 serves Paisley, Greenock, Ardros- 

 san, Troon and the ports on the W. 

 coast. It owns the harbours at 

 Troon and Ayr. It is now in the 

 group known as the London, Mid- 

 land and Scottish Rly. 



Glasgow Bank Frauds. The 

 failure of the City of Glasgow Bank, 

 Oct. 2, 1878, resulted in losses of 

 over six millions sterling. Every 

 shareholder was responsible to the 

 extent of his fortune. More than 

 half of the whole number had less 

 than 500 of stock, and only eighty- 

 eight stockholders held amounts of 

 2,000 and upwards. But among 

 this eighty-eight was the bank itself, 

 which held no less than 1 53,536. 



The manager and several di- 

 rectors were tried at Edinburgh, 



3552 



Feb., 1879, on charges of falsehood, 

 fraud and theft, convicted on cer- 

 tain counts and sentenced to terms 

 of imprisonment varying from eight 

 to eighteen months. See Trial of the 

 City of Glasgow Bank Directors, 

 ed. William Wallace, 1905. 



Glasgow Herald, THE. Scot- 

 tish daily Liberal-Unionist news- 

 paper, started by John Mennons, 

 Jan. 27, 1783, as a weekly, under 

 the title of The Glasgow Adver- 

 tiser. Published later twice a 

 week as The Glasgow Advertiser 

 and Evening Intelligencer, the old 

 title was resumed in 1794, altered 

 to The Herald and Advertiser in 

 1802, and finally to The Glasgow 

 Herald in 1805. From a tri- 

 weekly it became a daily on Jan. 

 3, 1859. 



Mennons' successors in the 

 editorship have included Dr. James 

 McNayr, Samuel Hunter, George 

 Outram, James Pagan, who insti- 

 tuted modern methods of report- 

 ing, William Jack, Dr. J. H. 

 Stoddart, Charles Gilchrist Russell, 

 (1888-1907), Dr. William Wallace, 

 F. Harcourt Kitchin (1909-17). 

 The Herald has always been strong 

 on the commercial side. Allied 

 papers are The Glasgow Weekly 

 Herald, 1864, The Evening Times, 



1876, and The Bulletin, 1915. The 

 proprietary firm, George Outram & 

 Co., was converted into a limited 

 liability co. in 1920. 



Glasgow School. Name asso- 

 ciated since 1886 with a group of 

 painters living in Glasgow. Its 

 members have included D. Y. 

 Cameron, -J. E. Christie, Joseph 

 Crawhall, junr., Sir James Guthrie, 

 P.R.S.A., E.A. Hornel, Sir John 

 Lavery, R.A., Harrington Mann, 

 James Paterson, Alexander Roche. 

 R. Macaulay Stevenson, and E. A. 

 Walton, P.R.S.W- See Painting ; 

 consult also The Glasgow School 

 of Painting, D. Martin, 1902. ' 



Glashtin. Mythical horse in 

 Isle of Man folk-lore. It lived in 

 the water, but frequently dispor 

 ted itself on the land with the 

 native ponies. When the Manx 

 ponies became crossed with horses 

 from other countries the glashtin 

 ceased to visit them. 



Glasnevin. Parish and village 

 of co. Dublin, Ireland. It is 2 m. 

 from the city of Dublin, and is 

 famous for its cemetery, where 

 many great Irishmen are buried, 

 and for its botanical gardens, 

 opened by the Royal Dublin 

 Society before 1800. There is an 

 agricultural college. Pop. 3,100. 



GLASS AND GLASS-MAKING 



H. J. Powell, C.B.E., formerly of the Whitefriars Glass Works 



In addition to this general article there arc articles on special forms 



of glass, e.g. Irish Glass ; Optical Glass ; Stained Glass ; Venetian 



Glass. See also Chemistry 



The place where glass was first 

 manufactured is not known. Re- 

 searches have postponed the origin 

 of glass-working in Egypt untii 

 about 1550 B.C. The much simpler 

 process of glass-blowing appeared 

 about 100 B.C., and by 100 A.D. all 

 the manual processes of working 

 and decorating glass, as well as 

 processes of moulding and rolling, 

 some elementary and some ad- 

 vanced, had spread throughout the 

 Roman empire. 



The history of glass-making deals 

 with a series of waves. The first 

 great Roman wave established 

 centres, and each centre, develop- 

 ing some special line or lines of 

 manufacture, sent out a secondary 

 wave. In the 4th century A.D., 

 starting from Rome, the wave of 

 Mosaic decoration spread by way 

 of Ravenna and Constantinople. 

 To the same century may be at- 

 tributed the Christian glasses 

 (fondi d'oro) found in the Roman 

 catacombs. 



It is probable that from Con- 

 stantinople in the 12th century 

 came the Hedwig cups, rudely and 

 deeply cut with representations of 

 mythica birds and beasts. France 

 in the llth century from Limoges 

 and Chartres sent out a wave of 



Mosaic windows, and in the same 

 century sent makers of glass ves- 

 sels to Altare, near Genoa ; in the 

 1 6th century Normandy and Lor- 

 raine sent makers of window glass 

 and vessels to England ; in the 

 1 7th century France developed the 

 manufacture of large sheets of 

 plate glass, and in the 18th cen- 

 tury sent mirror- makers and glass- 

 engravers to La Granja in Spain 

 In the 12th century, under Sara- 

 cenic influence, Damascus, Aleppo, 

 Cairo, and Alexandria specialised 

 in enamelling on glass vessels, 

 lamps, beakers, and vases, and the 

 wave reached Venice in the 15th 

 century, Germany in the 16th, and 

 Spain and Persia in the 17th. 



The glass industry, established 

 in Venice before the 13th century, 

 was banished to Murano in 1291, 

 and attained perfection in the 15th 

 and 16th centuries. The Roman 

 tradition of trailed decoration of 

 Syrian origin was continuous in 

 Spain and Germany. To Holland 

 must be credited the invention in 

 the 16th century of an extremely 

 delicate process of acid-etching. 



GLASS-MAKING IN ENGLAND. 

 There is no proof of Roman glass- 

 works of any importance having 

 been established in England. From 



