GOGMAGOG HILLS 



3581 



GOLBORNE 



Millet, was drawn later to the Im- 

 pressionists, and then became one 

 of the three leaders of the Post-Im- 

 pressionist group, being associated 

 with Cezanne and Gauguin. Van 

 Gogh's art aimed at expressing 

 that aspect of a subject which most 

 strongly appealed to his senses. 



Towards the end of his life a sun- 

 stroke affected his brain, already 

 not very strong, and after spending 

 some time in an asylum at Aries, he 

 died by his own hand at Anvers- 

 sur-Oise. More than half of his 

 pictures, including several of his 

 best, were painted at Aries during 

 the three years of detention. 



Gogmagog Hills. Range of 

 hills in Cambridgeshire. They lie 

 to the S.E. of Cambridge, and are a 

 continuation of the chalk formation 

 which runs up from the Chilterns. 

 Their highest points are only about 

 220 ft. above sea level, but owing to 

 the flatness of the country round, 

 extensive views are obtained from 

 them. There are traces of Roman 

 earthworks. 



Gogo. Seaport of Bombay, 

 India, in the district of Ahmada- 

 bad. It stands on the W. shore of 

 the Gulf of Cambay, 190 m. N.W. 

 of Bombay. Formerly of some im- 

 portance, it has lost its commercial 

 prosperity. On the N. and S. of the 

 town there are salt marshes. Pop. 

 about 6,000. 



Gogol, NIKOLAI VASSILIEVITCH 

 (1809-52). Russian novelist and 

 dramatist. Born at Sorochintsi, 

 Poltava,March 

 31, 1809, and 

 educated at 

 N y e j i n, he 

 went to St. 

 Petersburg in 

 1828, and for a 

 time was a 

 clerk in a gov- 

 ernment office. 

 After a period 

 o f indecision 

 and unrest, he 

 published anonymously Evenings 

 at a Farmhouse near Dikanka, 

 1831, a series of stories of that 

 Little Russia in which his early 

 life had been spent. For a short 

 time he was professor of history 

 at St. Petersburg. 



Inl834Mirgorod, another volume 

 of stories, established his fame ; it 

 contained Taras Bulba, a romance 

 of the Cossacks, which was re- 

 written in 1842 and, since widely 

 translated, founded the Russian 

 novel. In 1836 his comedy Revizor 

 was produced, its satire on the con- 

 ditions of the Russian life passing 

 unnoticed in general appreciation 

 of its humour. It was given by the 

 Incorporated Stage Society at the 

 Scala Theatre, London, June, 1906. 

 In April, 1920, under the name.The 



Nikolai V. Gogol, 

 Russian novelist 



Government Inspector, the comedy 

 was produced at the Duke of York's 

 Theatre. From 1836-16 the author 

 lived abroad, mostly in Rome. In 

 1842 he published the first volume 

 of Dead Souls, presenting Russian 

 provincial life in a clear and bril- 

 liant manner, and with a rare 

 humour. The second volume was 

 burnt by the author, and only col- 

 lected scraps have been produced. 

 In his later years Gogol became in- 

 tensely religious, and died at Mos- 

 cow, worn out, it is said, by prayer 

 and fasting, March 3, 1852. 



Bibliography. The Great Masters 

 of Russian Literature in the Nine- 

 teenth Century, Ernest Dupuy, Eng. 

 trans. N. H. Dole, 1886 ; Nicolas 

 Gogol : ecrivain et moraliste, R. 

 Tyrneva, 1901 ; Landmarks in 

 Russian Literature, M. Baring, 2nd 

 ed. 1910 ; Nicolas Gogol, Louis 

 Leger, 1914 (in Les Grands fieri vains 

 etrangers). 



Gogra. River of India. With 

 its source in Tibet, it is the great 

 river of Oudh, United Provinces. 

 After passing Azamgarh, Ghazipur 

 and Ballia, it joins the Ganges. It 

 exceeds 500 m. in length, is vener- 

 ated by the Hindus, and is a useful 

 waterway. 



Goidels. Earlier branch of the 

 Celtic-speaking peoples, who car- 

 ried to Britain the Goidelic or C- 

 Celtic speech. This developed into 

 the Irish and Scottish Gaelic and 

 the Manx dialects. The term, intro- 

 duced by John Rhys in 1882, dis- 

 placed the earlier Gadhelic or 

 Gaelic. The Goidels either pre- 

 ceded or accompanied the bronze- 

 age culture, with the practice of 

 cremation. Round-headed Alpines, 

 they mingled with the short, 

 swarthy, long-headed pre-Aryan 

 population. After at least six cen- 

 turies this mixed race was con- 

 fronted by the Brythonic invasion, 

 whose late-Celtic speech and iron- 

 age culture gradually penetrated 

 westward. See Brython ; Celt. 



Goil. Sea-loch of Argyllshire, 

 Scotland. It forms a W. arm of 

 Loch Long, and expends for 6 m. 

 N.W. of Lochgoilhead. There are 

 mountains on either side. 



Goito. Town of Italy, in the 

 prov. of Mantua. It stands on 

 the Mincio, 11 m. from Mantua. 

 It is chiefly notable for the battle 

 fought here on May 30, 1848, when 

 Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, 

 defeated the Austrians. Pop. 

 6,700. 



Goitre (Fr. goitre, Lat. guttur, 

 throat). Enlargement of the thy- 

 roid gland, situated in the lower 

 part of the front of the neck. 

 Two chief forms are recognized, 

 simple goitre and exophthalmic 

 goitre (q.v.). Simple goitre, also 

 known as bronchocele and Derby- 

 shire neck, occurs most fre- 



quently in hilly regions, in Derby- 

 shire and Gloucestershire in Eng- 

 land, and abroad in Switzerland, 

 Northern Italy and Central Asia. 

 It is usually sporadic, but some- 

 times occurs in the form of an acute 

 epidemic. The disease is probably 

 due to the presence of an organism 

 in drinking water. 



The condition may last for years 

 without producing serious symp- 

 toms, but the gradual enlargement 

 may ultimately compress the air 

 passages and cause difficulty in 

 breathing. Medical treatment is 

 not of much avail, but the adminis- 

 tration of thyroid extract may be 

 tried. In the early stages a change 

 of locality sometimes brings about 

 a cure. With steady persistence or 

 increase of the growth a surgical 

 operation for removal of part of the 

 goitre is generally advisable. Pron. 

 goy-ter. 



Gokhale, GOPAL KRISHNA (1867- 

 1915). Indian political leader. 

 Elected to the Bombay legislative 

 council in 1900, he was selected in 

 1902 by the 

 non- official 

 members of 

 that body to 

 represent them 

 on the Supreme 

 Council. He 

 became leader 

 of the Indian 

 opposition, al- 

 Gopal Gokhale, though mani- 

 Indian politician f es ting consist- 



Ellioll&Fry ent loyalty, 



which wis recognized by the 

 conferring on him in 1904 of 

 the C.I.E. In 1905 he founded the 

 Servants of India Society for the 

 training of "national missionaries/' 

 He worked hard on behalf of a 

 movement for the compulsory free 

 education of boys. Gokhale was 

 one of the leading exponents of the 

 policy of self-government for India 

 within the Empire. He drew up a 

 remarkable memorandum on the 

 subject only a few days before his 

 death, outlining his proposals for 

 the future government of India. 

 He died at Bombay, Feb. 20, 1915. 

 See India. 



Goktcha OB SEVANG. Lake of 

 Armenia. It lies at an alt. of over 

 6,000 ft., 30 m. E.N.E. of Erivan, 

 in a deep basin surrounded by rug- 

 ged mts. It is about 47 m. long, 

 with an average breadth of 12 m., 

 and provides good fishing. 



Golborne. Urban dist. and 

 parish of Lancashire, England. It 

 is 5J m. S. by E. of Wigan, on the 

 L. & N.W.R. The chief industry is 

 the cotton manufacture, while 

 around are coal mines. Water is 

 supplied by the Ince urban district, 

 which has works in Golborne. 

 Market day, Sat. Pop. 6,930. 



