GOND 



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GONFALON 



of a servant, 1865 ; Manette Salo- 

 mon, a story of a Jewish artist's 

 model, 1867 ; and Mme. Gervaisais, 

 1869, the best. 



Edmond, independently, wrote 

 Watteau, 1876; Prudhon, 1877; 

 L'Art Japonaise au XVIIIe Siecle, 

 1891-96 ; and the novels La Fille 

 Elisa, 1878; Les Freres Zemganno, 

 1879; La Faustin, 1882; andCherie, 

 1885. He edited Les Lettres de 

 Jules de Gohcourt, 1885, and the 

 Journal des Goncourt, 1887-92. 

 The brothers collaborated in a 

 play, Henriette Marechal, 1865 ; 

 and both kept a diary, reproduced 

 in the much-discussed Journal. 



As writers of fiction the brothers 

 de Goncourt were pioneers of the 

 naturalist school. Having collected 

 their materials with laborious in- 

 dustry, they attempted to set forth 

 the naked facts of life in a style 

 designed with equal laboriousness 

 to arrest attention by its supposed 

 suitability to subject or situation. 

 The Academic des Goncourt was 

 founded to help struggling authors 

 by money resulting from the sale 

 of the Goncourt art collection. 

 Jules died June 20, 1870 ; and 

 Edmond, July 16, 1896. They 

 form a connecting link between 

 Flaubert and Zola. See Nouveaux 

 Essais de Psychologic Contempo- 

 raine, Paul Bourget, 1885 ; Lives, 

 A. Delzant, 1889; M. A. Belloc- 

 Lowndes and M. L. Shedlock, 1895. 



Gond. Primitive tribe in Cen- 

 tral India. Numbering (in 1911) 

 2,917,950, two-thirds occupy hill- 

 tracts in the Central Provinces. 

 The Dhur Gonds, dark-skinned, 

 roundish-headed, thick-lipped pea- 

 santry, preserve their aboriginal 

 forest life, ceremonial dances, and 

 animism. The hinduised Raj 

 Gonds on the plains claim Rajput 

 descent. Half of them have dis- 

 placed their Dravidian speech, in- 

 termediate between Tamil and 

 Telugu, by Hindi or Gujarati. 

 Four 14th-17th century Gond 

 kingdoms gave this region the 

 name Gondwana. 



Gonda. Town and district of 

 India. It is in the United Pro- 

 vinces, in the Fyzabad division. Of 

 the total area (2,818 sq. m.) about 

 two-thirds is under cultivation, and 

 of the cultivated area almost half is 

 devoted to rice. Other crops are 

 wheat, maize, and grain. Exports 

 consist principally of agricultural 

 produce ; imports include piece 

 goods, salt, and metals. The last 

 raja of Gonda took part in the 

 Mutiny, and his estates were con- 

 fiscated. Pop. of town, 15,000. 



Gondal. State of Bombay, 

 India. In the Kathiawar agency, its 

 area is 1.024 sq. m. The ruler is a 

 thakur sahib, entitled to a salute 

 of 11 guns. 



Gondar. Town of Abyssinia, 

 capital of the prov. of Amhara. It 

 is built on a hill, at an elevation of 

 6,000 ft., 24 m N.E. of Lake Tsana. 

 At one period a flourishing centre 

 of Abyssinian trade, it has now a 

 population of about 3,000. See 

 Abyssinia. 



Gondokoro. Garrison town of 

 Uganda, Central Africa. It stands 

 on the White Nile, 1,081 m. S. of 

 Khartum. Navigation to Rejaf, 15 

 m. S., and to Khartum, is carried 

 on by the steamers of the Sudan 

 government. Here Sir Samuel 

 Baker established a military sta- 

 tion in 1871 and called the settle- 

 ment Ismailia. Formerly a seat of 

 the slave traffic, it had a large 

 trade hi ivory. 



Gondola (Ital.). Long, low, 

 narrow, flat-bottomed boat used 

 on the lagoons and canals of 

 Venice. Both prow and stern curve 

 high off the water ; each end is 



Gondola, the small cabined boat used 

 and canals of Venice 



decked, the rowers, or gondoliers, 

 standing up to wield their sweeps. 

 Usually, in the centre, is a carriage- 

 like cabin, with doors and cur- 

 tained windows. The prow is some- 

 times still decorated with a curious 

 imitation battle-axe head, the last 

 relic of the sumptuous decorations 

 formerly so profusely lavished on 

 gondolas that sumptuary laws 

 were passed in the 16th century to 

 prevent such extravagances. Since 

 that time, as a rule, these vessels 

 have been painted black. See 

 Venice. 



Gondola. In aeronautics, term 

 used to describe the boat-shaped 

 car fitted to an airship. The 

 usual term now is nacelle. See 

 Airship. 



Gondoliers, THE. Comic opera 

 by W. S. Gilbert, with music by 

 Arthur Sullivan, and produced, 

 London, Dec. 9, 1889, at The Savoy 

 Theatre, where it ran for 554 

 performances. The cast included 

 Grraldine Ulmar as Gianetta, 

 Jessie Bond as Tessa, Decima 

 Moore as Casilda, Rosina Brand- 

 ram as the Duchess of Plaza Toro, 

 Frank Wyatt as the Duke, W. H. 

 Denny as Don Alhambra del 

 Bolero, Rutland Barrington as 

 Giuseppe Palmieri, and Courtice 

 Pounds as Marco Palmieri. 



Gondomar, DIEGO SABMIENTO 

 BE ACUNA, COUNT OP (1567-1626). 

 Spanish diplomatist. Born Nov. 1, 

 1567, of a 

 wealthy fam- 

 ily, he was 

 still young 

 when he was 

 a p p o i n t e d 

 commander of 

 the Portuguese 

 frontier and 

 helped to re- 

 pulse the Eng- Count Qf Gondomar 

 hsh attacks on Spanish diplomatist 

 the coast. In v t 

 1613 he was ssnt as ambassador 

 to England, where he remained, 

 with a brief interval, until 1622! 

 He furthered the projected match 

 between the prince of Wales 

 (Charles I) and a Spanish infanta, 

 and his influence was largely re- 

 sponsible for the execution of Sir 

 AValter RaHch. He died in Spain, 

 Oct. 2, 1626. 



G o n d wana 

 I Beds. Series of 

 jij% sandstones, shales, 

 ironstones, and 

 coal-seams, of 

 P ermo-Carbonifer- 

 ous age, typically 

 developed in India. 

 1 They contain 

 i abundant fossil 

 * plants, the 

 on the lagoons G lo sso pteris 

 Flora," which 

 ranged from Australia through 

 India to Russia, and through Africa 

 to Brazil, marking the former ex- 

 tent of the ancient continent 

 "Gondwanaland." Basement bed, 

 the Talchir conglomerate, is not- 

 able on account of presence of 

 huge ice-scratched boulders. 



Goneril. Character in Shake- 

 speare's tragedy King Lear. This 

 proverbially unnatural daughter, 

 the eldest of Lear's three children, 

 and wife of the duke of Albany, 

 having received half her father's 

 kingdom, afterwards refused him 

 shelter. Having fallen in love with 

 Edmund, bastard son of the earl of 

 Gloucester, and poisoned Regan, 

 her younger sister and rival, she 

 stabs herself to death on finding 

 that her lover has been mortally 

 wounded in a duel with his brother 

 Edgar. See King Lear. 



Gonfalon. Banner used in the 

 Middle Ages, and formed after the 

 fashion of the vex ilium, or standard 

 of the Roman cavalry. It consisted 

 of a flag attached to a cross-bar and 

 suspended by cords at right angles 

 to the pole. Though at first a war 

 banner, it subsequently became 

 peculiar to the Church. In medieval 

 Florence, Venice, and other Italian 

 cities the standard-bearer, or Gon- 

 faloniere, was an influential officer 



