GORGEI 



Gorgei OR GORGEY, ARTHUR 

 (1818-1916). Hungarian soldier. 

 Born at Toporcz, Jan. 30, 1818, he 

 ^^^^^ ^^^^^ came into pro- 

 minence in the 

 Hungarian 

 rising against 

 the Austrians 

 in 1848. He 

 achieved some 

 signal suc- 

 cesses, notably 

 at Ozora (Oct. 

 Arthur Gorgei, 7) where he 

 Hungarian soldier forced the 



capitulation of 10,000 Croats, but 

 found himself unable to work with 

 Dembinski, the comander-in-chief, 

 and was in fact accused of losing the 

 battle of Kapolna by arriving late. 



Subsequently Gorgei himself was 

 given the chief Command, and al- 

 most cleared Hungary of the Aus- 

 trians. Fatal delays were caused, 

 however, by his dissensions with 

 Kossuth, the dictator, and his 

 government. A Russian army came 

 to the help of the Austrians, and 

 Gorgei was compelled to surrender 

 near Vilages on Aug. 13, 1849. For 

 this he was accused of treachery, a 

 charge of which he was cleared in 

 1885. He died in May 1916. 



Gorges, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 

 1566-1647). British adventurer. 

 Born in Somerset, he became a 

 soldier and saw a good deal of ser- 

 vice. He fought against the 

 Spanish armada and in France for 

 Henry IV ; went on an expedi- 

 tion with Essex, with whose re- 

 bellion he was associated, and 

 served in Ireland. In 1596, having 

 been knighted, Gorges was made 

 governor of Plymouth, and there 

 he shared in the early plans for 

 settling colonists in America. 

 A member of the Plymouth Com- 

 pany, he frequently sent out ships 

 and colonists to the New World, in 

 which he had obtained grants of 

 land. The most considerable of 

 these was one of 1639, making him 

 lord of Maine, of which state he is 

 regarded as the founder. In 1647, 

 too old to serve the king in the 

 Civil War, he died at Long Ashton, 

 Somerset. Pron. Gor-jez. 



Gorget (Fr. gorge, throat). In 

 armour, a metal covering for the 

 throat, protecting the gap between 

 the breastplate and helmet. In 

 the ornate armour of the 16th cen- 

 tury the gorget 

 was often 

 richly em- 

 bossed. It 

 was the last 

 remnant of 

 body armour 

 worn by in- 

 fantry in Eng- 

 1 a n d, and, Gor get: armour to 

 reduced to protect the throat 



36 1 O 



a crescent-shaped ornament, was 

 long worn by officers to denote that 

 they were on duty. See Armour. 



Gorgias (c. 475-390 B.C.). Greek 

 philosopher and sophist. Born at 

 Leontini, in Sicily, he came to 

 Athens in 427 to plead the cause of 

 his native town against Syracuse. 

 Primarily a teacher of rhetoric, in 

 which he introduced a number of 

 innovations, unfamiliar words, and 

 rhetorical figures, he also wrote a 

 treatise On Nature, which is entirely 

 lost. In this he maintained that 

 nothing really existed ; that if it 

 did exist it could not be known ; 

 and that even if it could be known 

 it could not be communicated. 

 Gorgias is one of 

 the chief interlo- 

 cutors in the 

 Dialogue of Plato 

 which bears his 

 name. The authen- 

 ticity of two ex- 

 tant speeches An 

 Apology for Pala- 

 m e d e s and An 

 Encomium of 

 Helen attributed 

 to him is disputed. 

 See Sophists. 



Gorgons. In 

 Greek mythology, 

 three monsters 

 named Stheno, 

 Euryalo and 



" Medusa, who dwelt in Libya. In 

 stead of hair, their heads were- 

 covered with crawling serpents, 

 and they had the property of turn- 

 ing into stone anyone who looked 

 upon them. Medusa, who alone 

 was mortal, was killed by Perseus, 

 who struck off her head, looking 

 at her reflection in a mirror while 

 he did so, in order to avoid being 

 turned into stone. Perseus pre- 

 sented the head to Athena, who 

 set it in the middle of her shield. 

 Similarly, the Chinese and other 

 Oriental nations decorated their 

 shields with frightful figures, to 

 terrify the enemy. Later, the 

 Gorgons were represented in art 

 as beautiful maidens. Probably 

 personifications of the flashing 

 lightning, the rationalists explained 

 them as a race of hideous women, 

 Their sisters, the Graeae, personi- 

 . fying old age, had the form of swans 

 and only one eye and tooth be- 

 tween them. See Medusa ; Perseus. 



Gorgonzola. Town of Italy, 

 in the prov. of Milan. It is 12 

 m. N.E. of Milan, with which it is 

 connected by a steam tramway. 

 It is engaged in the silk industry, 

 but is best known for its cheese, 

 which is widely exported. Pop. 

 5,198. See Cheese. 



Gorham, GEORGE CORNELIUS 

 (1787-1857). Anglican clergyman. 

 Born at St. Neots, and educated 



GORILLA 



at Queens' College, Cambridge, 

 of which he became fellow, he 

 was ordained in 1811. On his 

 appointment in 1847 to the living 

 of Brampford Speke, the bishop of 

 Exeter refused to institute him on 

 the ground that his views on bap- 

 tism were not those of the Church 

 of England. This led to a series of 

 law suits, which ended in the judi- 

 cial committee of the privy council 

 deciding that his views were not 

 incompatible with orthodoxy. As 

 the bishop proved immovable, he 

 was finally instituted by the arch- 

 bishop of Canterbury in 1851, and 

 held the living until his death, 

 June 19, 1857. 



Gorhambury, Hertfordshire. Ruins of the house built 

 in 1563, later occupied by Francis Bacon 



Gorhambury. Hertfordshire 

 seat of the earl of Verulam. It is 

 2 m. W. of St. Albans. The mansion, 

 standing in a fine park, was built 

 1778-85, includes much later work, 

 and is notable for its hall and pic- 

 tures. In the grounds are ruins of 

 the house in which Francis Bacon 

 lived in almost regal state. The 

 m?nor originally belonged to the 

 al bey of St. Albans, was granted by 

 Henry VIII to Ralph Rowley and 

 tl.en to John Maynard. It was 

 bought in 1550 by Nicholas Bacon 

 and, after the death of his son 

 Francis, 1626, descended to the 

 latter's cousin Sir Thomas Meautys, 

 whose widow married Sir Harbottle 

 Grimston, Bart., speaker of the 

 Restoration parliament. 



Gori. Town of Georgia, Trans- 

 caucasia, in the govt. of Tiflis. It 

 stands on the river Kura and the 

 Poti-Tiflis Rly., 48 m. N.W. of 

 Tiflis. The chief occupations are 

 the cultivation of fruit and vines, 

 cattle-rearing, and the manufac- 

 ture of cotton and woollen goods. 

 Gori was formerly the residence of 

 the princes of Karthli (Georgia). 

 Pop. 11,000. 



Gorilla. Largest of the anthro- 

 poid or manlike apes, but not so 

 nearly related to the human genus 

 as the chimpanzee. It is found only 

 in Western Equatorial Africa, 

 where it inhabits the forests. A 



