GORTCHAKOV 



took the name of Prendergast ; in 

 1810 was made a baron, and in 

 1816 a viscount. To these dig- 

 nities his nephew, Charles Vereker, 

 succeeded, and from him the pre- 

 sent viscount is descended. John 

 Standish Surtees Prendergast, 6th 

 viscount (b. 1886), won distinc- 

 tion in the Great War. Serving 

 with the Grenadier Guards, he won 

 the M.C., D.S.O. and bar, and the 

 V.C., Sept. 27, 1918. 



Gortchakov, PRINCE ALEXAN- 

 DER MIKHAILOVITCH (1798-1883). 

 Russian diplomatist. Born July 

 16, 1798, he 

 entered the 

 diplomatic ser- 

 vice and be- 

 came secretary 

 at the embassy 

 in London in 

 1824. After 

 holding vari- 

 ous posts he 

 was appointed 

 ambassador to 

 the German 

 Bundestag in 1850. Thence he 

 was transferred to Vienna, 1854- 

 56, in the latter year succeeding 

 Nesselrode as foreign minister to 

 Alexander II, and in 1863 became 

 chancellor of the empire. His 

 policy was at first strongly pro- 

 Prussian, but later he began to 

 distrust Bismarck, a feeling in- 

 creased by Germany's attitude of 

 aloofness from Russia in the Turk- 

 ish war of 1877-78. He then 

 turned his attentions to France 

 and worked for a Franco-Russian 

 rapprochement. He resigned his 

 portfolio as foreign minister in 

 1882, and died at Baden-Baden 

 on March 11, 1883. -<?ee Berlin, 

 Congress of. 



Gortchakov, MIKHAIL DMITRI- 

 VITCH (1795-1861). A Russian 

 soldier. Of noble family, he be- 

 came a soldier 

 and saw service 

 against the 

 French in 1812 

 -14. He fought 

 against the 

 Turks in 1828- 

 29, against the 

 Poles in 1831, 

 and against the 

 M. D. Gortchakov, Hungarians in 

 Russian soldier ig49. In 1846 

 he was made governor of War- 

 saw, and when the Crimean War 

 began his reputation was suffi- 

 ciently high for him to hold an in- 

 dependent command. His first 

 operations were against the Turks 

 in Moldavia and Wallachia, and an 

 unsuccessful attack on the fortress 

 of Silistria, but later he was en- 

 trusted with the command in the 

 Crimea. There he won fame by his 

 defence of Sevastopol. In 1856 



3614 



he was made governor-general of 

 Poland, and died at Warsaw, 

 May 30, 1861. 



Gorton. District of Manchester. 

 It is an industrial area on the E. 

 side of the city. It is served by the 

 G.C. Rly. and by tramways, and 

 includes four eccles. districts. The 

 chief industries are chemical works, 

 engineering works, ironworks, and 

 cotton mills. See Manchester. 



Gortonites. Religious sect 

 founded in the U.S.A. about 1650 

 by Samuel Gorton (c. 1610-77). A 

 native of Gorton, Lancashire, he 

 fled to America on account of his 

 religious opinions. At Warwick, 

 Rhode Island, he made a settle- 

 ment, mainly of those who shared 

 his religious opinions. Named after 

 him, the Gortonites, who disliked 

 all forms and ceremonies, existed 

 until about 1800. 



Gortyna OR GORTYN. Ancient 

 city of Crete, situated on the S. 

 side of the island about 10 m. in- 

 land. It was second only to 

 Cnossus (g.v.) in importance, and 

 the two cities from an early period 

 were constantly at variance. In 

 Roman times it became the capi- 

 tal of the island. Near Gortyna 

 was discovered in 1884 the well- 

 known inscription containing a 

 code of laws dated about 400 B.C. 



Gorz. German name for Gori- 

 zia (q.v.). It was the capital of the 

 old Austrian crownland of Gorz 

 and Gradisca. 



Gosau Beds. Series of lime- 

 stones, marls, and sandstones in 

 the north-eastern Alps of Austria. 

 A local development of the Upper 

 Cretaceous system, they contain 

 massive fossil shells and banks 

 of corals. 



Goschen, GEORGE JOACHIM 

 GOSCHEN, IST VISCOUNT (1831- 

 1907). British statesman. Born 

 August 10, 

 1831, he was 

 of German 

 descent, his 

 grandfather 

 being a pub- 

 lisher of Leip- 

 zig. His own 

 birth and edu- 

 cation, how- 

 ever, were 

 English, and 

 after a fine 

 career at 

 Rugby and Oriel College, Ox- 

 ford, he became a partner in the 

 London firm of Friihling and 

 Goschen. In 1863 he entered Parlia- 

 ment as Liberal member for the 

 City of London, and in 1865 joined 

 the ministry, entering Russell's 

 cabinet the next year. From 1868- 

 7 1 he was president of the poor law 

 board, and from 1871-74 first 

 lord of the admiralty under Glad- 



GOSCHEN 



stone. Declining to take office in 

 1880, he was sent as special am- 

 bassador to Turkey 



As a Liberal Unionist after 1884 

 Goschen was in more congenial 

 company. He denounced Home 

 Rule with great spirit, and alone of 

 his party took office under Salis- 

 bury in 1886. This was the occa- 

 sion on which Lord Randolph 

 Churchill, confident that his resig- 

 nation would seriously embarrass 

 the premier, " forgot Goschen," 

 who remained chancellor of the 

 exchequer until 1892. From 1895 

 to 1900 he was again first lord of 

 the admiralty. He was M.P. for 

 St. George's, Hanover Square, 

 where he had found a seat when 

 Liverpool rejected him in 1887. 

 Previously he had represented 

 Edinburgh, and earlier still Ripon. 

 In 1900 he retired and was made a 

 viscount. He was, however, active 

 in his hostility to tariff reform, and 

 spoke occasionally in the Lords 

 until his death, Feb. 7, 1907. 



Goschen was a many-sided man 

 and sturdily independent. As 

 chancellor he was responsible for 

 reducing the interest on Consols 

 from 3 to 2 p.c., a change of doubt- 

 ful benefit to the country. He 

 wrote a standard book on the 

 Foreign Exchanges, and in later 

 life edited the Life and Times of his 

 grandfather. Short sight prevented 

 him from being chosen Speaker, 

 1884. From 1903 to 1907 he was 

 chancellor of Oxford University. 

 (See Life, Hon. A. Elliot, 1911.) 



His son, George Joachim, 2nd 

 viscount (b. 1866), was iriember 

 for East Grinstead 1895-1906 and 

 was appointed joint parliamentary 

 secretary to the board of agricul- 

 ture, March, 1918. He became 

 governor of Madras, 1924, 



Goschen, SIR WILLIAM EDWARD 

 (1847-1924). British diplomatist. 

 A son of W. H. Goschen. a Lon- 

 don banker, 

 and a younger 

 brother of the 

 1st Viscount 

 Goschen, h e 

 was born 

 July 18, 1847. 

 Educated a t 

 Rugby and 

 Oxford, he 

 entered the 

 diplomatic 

 service, and . Rus * eU 



after passing some time as attache" 

 at Madrid, Buenos Aires, and Paris, 

 became second secretary at Rio de 

 Janeiro. From there he went to 

 Constantinople, after which he 

 gained experience as principal sec- 

 retary at Peking, Copenhagen, Lis- 

 bon, Washington, and St. Peters- 

 burg. In 1898 he was sent as British 

 minister to Belgrade. 



Sir William Goschen, 

 British diplomatist 



