GOVERNOR 



3628 



GOWER 



frequent appeals from the decisions 

 of its houses of legislature to the en- 

 franchised people by the expedients 

 known as the referendum and the 

 initiative. These devices, so far 

 as they extend, are a method of 

 summoning " the people " of 

 Switzerland to a direct share in the 

 legislative function of government. 

 Bibliography. Best Form of 

 Government, G. C. Lewis, 1863 ; Re- 

 presentative Government, J. S. Mill, 

 new ed. 1865; Liberty, Equality and 

 Fraternity, J. F. Stephen, 2nd ed. 

 1874; Parliamentary Government 

 in British Colonies, A. Todd, 1880 ; 

 Popular Government, H. J. S. Maine, 

 1885; American Commonwealth, 

 Lord Bryce, 1888 ; Fragment on 

 Government, J. Bentham, ed. C. F. 

 Montague, 1891 ; Parliamentary 

 Government in England, A. Todd, 

 new ed. 1892 ; Government and 

 Parties in Continental Europe, A. 

 Lawrence Lowell, 1896 ; Democracy 

 and Liberty, W. E. H. Lecky, 1899 ; 

 The State, Woodrow Wilson, 1899 ; 

 Works, E. Burke, 1901-6; Man 

 versus the State, Herbert Spencer, 

 1902 ; Self -Government in Canada, 

 F. Bradshaw, 1903 ; Governance of 

 England, Sidney Low, 1904 ; Law of 

 the Constitution, A. V. Dicey, 7th ed. 

 1908; The New Democracy and the 

 Constitution, W. S. McKechnie, 

 1912 ; Government of England, A. 

 Lawrence Lowell, new ed. 1912 ; 

 Responsible Government in the 

 Dominions, A. B. Keith,newed.l912. 

 Governor. In mechanics, an 

 apparatus for regulating the work- 

 ing speed of an engine under vary- 

 ing conditions of load. Most 

 governors for steam and internal 

 combustion engines follow the 

 original ball governor of James 

 Watt, and a diagram of a modern 

 example is given above. S is 

 a vertical shaft, rotated by the 

 engine through a bevel gear. Four 

 links, L L L L, connect two metal 

 balls, B, B, with the top of S and 

 with a weight, W, grooved near the 

 bottom at C. The weight is able to 

 move freely up and down S. 



When the speed of the engine 

 exceeds a certain limit, B B move 

 outwards and raise W 7 , which brings 

 with it the forked end of lever D. 

 The supply of steam is decreased 

 by the movement of D and the 

 speed falls. B B now move in- 

 wards ; the motion of D is slightly 

 reversed, and the supply of steam 

 is increased. In some governors W 

 is replaced by an adjustable 

 spring under compression ; such 

 governors can be run with the 

 shaft horizontal. 



Governor (Lat. gubernare, to 

 steer). Representative in a pro- 

 vince or colony of the supreme 

 authority of a state. Under the 

 Roman Empire civil officials with 

 proconsular power and rank gov- 

 erned the senatorial provinces, i.e. 

 those in which legions were not 



maintained ; the imperial provinces, 

 requiring military forces for their 

 security, were governed by legati 

 Augusti, with full military power 

 and wide jurisdiction. 



Under the British system of 

 colonial administration governors 

 are classified as governors-general, 

 governors, and lieutenant - gover- 

 nors. Governors -general are ap- 

 pointed by the Crown to represent 

 its authority in India, where the 

 governor-general is also styled 

 viceroy ; the Dominion of Canada ; 

 the Commonwealth of Australia ; 

 the Dominion of New Zealand ; 



Governor for regulating the speed of 

 an engine. See text 



the Union of S. Africa ; and tne 

 Anglo-Egj'ptian Sudan. Governors 

 appointed by the Crown administer 

 three of the fifteen administrations 

 into which India is divided, viz. 

 Madras, Bombay, and Bengal ; 

 the six original states of the 

 Commonwealth of Australia ; the 

 Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, 

 the Crown Colonies, and most of 

 the Colonies. Lieutenant-gover- 

 nors are appointed by the king for 

 the Northern and the Southern 

 Provinces of Nigeria ; and by the 

 governor-general of India for the 

 Punjab, the United Provinces of 

 Agra and Oudh, Burma, and Bihar 

 and Orissa. 



In the U.S.A. each state elects a 

 governor as the 

 chief official in 

 the legislative 

 and executive 

 management of 

 its own affairs. 

 Gow, NIEL 

 (1727-1807). 

 Scottish violin- 

 st. Born at In- 

 ver, near Dun- 

 keld, March 22, 



After Karburn 1727, his Skill 



Niel Gow, 

 Scottish violinist 



in playing reels made him famous. 

 In London he was in great request 

 at fashionable gatherings, and he 

 also did most useful work in pre- 

 serving the old Scottish melodies. 

 Gow, who died March 1, 1807, had 

 four sons all musicians, and his 

 and their compositions are found 

 in The Gow Collection of oH Scot- 

 tish songs. 



Gowanlea. British drifter. She 

 was one of the craft forming the 

 drifter line across the Straits of 

 Otranto, May 15, 1917, when this 

 line was attacked by Austrian 

 light cruisers from Cattaro. Skip- 

 per Watt of the Gowanlea was 

 awarded the V.C. for his gallantry. 

 See Adriatic Sea, Operations in the. 

 Gowbarrow Park. Estate in 

 the Lake District of England, now 

 public property. It is on the N. 

 side of Ullswater, on the slopes of 

 Gowbarrow Fell. The original park 

 was about 2,000 acres in extent, 

 but additions have been made to it. 

 It contains a shooting lodge called 

 Lyulph's Tower, and the beautiful 

 waterfall of Aira Force. Gow- 

 barrow was bought by the National 

 Trust and opened in 1906. 



Gower. Peninsula of Glamor- 

 ganshire. It lies between the rivers 

 Tawe and Loughor, being about 

 27 m. long and 7 m. across. It 

 contains Swansea and Oyster- 

 mouth, is almost surrounded by 

 the waters of the Bristol Channel, 

 and retains certain customs of its 

 own. The Welsh call it Gwyr. 



Gower was conquered by the 

 Normans in the 12th century, and 

 therein some of them settled, built 

 castles, and introduced the feudal 

 system. It had its own lord, who 

 had the privileges of a lord of the 

 marches ; he held his court at 

 Swansea and had his "own sheriff 

 and other officials. The lordship 

 passed from the family of De 

 Braose to John de Mowbray, duke 

 of Norfolk. The earl of Pembroke 

 was a later lord, and from that 

 family it passed by marriage to the 

 Somersets, now represented by the 

 duke of Beaufort. In 1535, how- 

 ever, Gower was included in Gla- 

 morganshire (q.v.). 



Gower, JOHN (c. 1325-1408). 

 English poet, contemporary and 

 friend of Chaucer, who calls him 

 4i moral Gow- 

 er." He lived 

 largely at his 

 country seat in 

 Kent, but de- 

 tails of his life 

 are obscure. 

 He became 

 blind shortly 

 before his 

 death, and was 

 buried in S. 



John Gower, 

 English poet 



Saviour's Church at Southwark. 



