GOZO 



Hague, where he died in April, 1665. 

 He painted the river, canal, and 

 coastal scenery of the Netherlands. 

 Gozo OR Gozzo. British island 

 of the Maltese group. It lies 4 m. 

 N.W. of Malta, is 8 m. long and 

 4 m. broad, and has an area of 26 

 sq. m. Composed of coralline lime- 

 stone, the surface is diversified, fer- 

 tile, and well cultivated, producing 

 fruits and vegetables. Lace is made. 

 There are remains of cyclopean 

 walls, and a tower and Roman 

 monuments. The chief towns are 

 Victoria, formerly Rabato, in the 

 centre of the island, andFortCham- 

 bray on the S.E. coast. Pop. 21,911. 

 Gozzi, CARLO, COUNT (1722- 

 1806). Italian dramatist and 

 memoir writer. He was a native of 

 Venice. His farcical plays and 

 fairy pieces in the Venetian patois 

 enjoyed considerable popularity for 

 their satiric wit. They were written 

 to ridicule his dramatic rivals, Carlo 

 Goldoni and others, and their suc- 

 cess contributed to drive Goldoni 

 from Venice. See his Memoirs, 1797, 

 Eng. trans. J. A. Symonds, 1890. 



Gozzoli, BENOZZO (1420-98). 

 Florentine painter, whose real 

 name was Benozzo di Lese. Born 

 in Florence, he studied under Fra 

 Angelico, whose assistant he after- 

 wards became. Gozzoli was an in- 

 dustrious and painstaking fresco 

 painter. Among his famous works 

 are a Virgin and Child and St. 

 Thomas Receiving the Girdle from 

 the Virgin, painted in 1459 for the 

 church of San Fortunate at Monte- 

 falco (the latter now in the Lateran 

 Museum, Rome) ; the decorations 

 for the Riccardi (then the Medici) 

 Palace in Florence, particularly 

 the frescoes of The Journey of the 

 Three Magi and Angels in Paradise ; 

 and the series of twenty-four fres- 

 coes of Biblical themes executed for 

 the Campo Santo, Pisa. 



G.P.I. Abbrev. for general 

 paralysis of the insane. 



G.P.O. Abbrev. for General 

 Post Office. 



G.R. Abbrev. for Georgins Rex 

 (King George). 



Graaff, SIR DAVID PIETER DE 

 VILLIERS (b. 1859). South African 

 politician. Born March 30, 1859, 

 he was the son 

 of a Boer at 

 Villiersdorp. 

 He entered 

 business in 

 Cape Town, 

 and in time be- 

 came head of 

 the firm of 

 Com brine k & 

 Co. In 1891 

 he was chosen 

 mayor of the 

 city, and in the same year he en- 

 tered the legislative council of the 



Sir David Graaff, 

 S. African politician 



Russell 



3631 



Cape of Good Hope, where he re- 

 Jmained until 1899. In 1907 he 

 returned to the council, but in 

 1910 he was elected by Namaqua- 

 land to the first parliament of the 

 Union of S. Africa. Botha made 

 him minister of public works, 

 which post he held until 1912, 

 being afterwards minister without 

 portfolio. In 1914 he was for a 

 time high commissioner for S. 

 Africa in London, but in 1915 he 

 returned home to become minister 

 of finance. He resigned office in 

 1916, although he remained a 

 member of the legislature. In 1911 

 he was made a baronet. 



Graaf Reinet. Town of Cape 

 Province. It stands on the Sunday 

 river, 185 m. by rly. N. of Port 

 Elizabeth. Founded in 1784, it is 

 situated in a district famous for 

 its angora goats and ostriches. To 

 the N. are the Sneeuwbergen, of 

 which the Compassberg rises to a 

 height of 8,208 ft. above sea level. 

 The town possesses a college for 

 Dutch students, and is noted for 

 its fruit and wine. 



Grabbe, CHRISTIAN DIETRICH 

 (1801-36). German dramatist. 

 Born at Detmold, Lippe, Dec. 11, 

 1801, his dissipated habits under- 

 mined his talents, and he died of 

 drink in his native town, Sept. 12, 

 1836. Though much of his work is 

 extravagant in plan, and lurid in 

 presentation, it was marked by 

 real poetic and dramatic genius. 

 His best plays were Don Juan and 

 Faust, 1829 ; Frederick Barbarossa 

 and Napoleon, 1831. 



Gracchus. Name of two re- 

 formers in ancient Rome. They 

 were the sons of Cornelia (q.v.), 

 daughter of Scipio Africanus the 

 Elder, by Tiberius Sempronius 

 Gracchus, governor of hither Spain 

 in 181 B.C., who made the province 

 one of the most peaceable in the 

 Roman dominions. 



The elder, Tiberius Sempronius 

 Gracchus (163-133 B.C. ), was present 

 at the siege of Carthage and served 

 in Spain, and on his journeys to and 

 from that country the deplorable 

 condition of Italian agriculture 

 first drew his attention. The public 

 land, i.e. the conquered territory 

 distributed among Roman citizens, 

 had largely and illegally passed 

 into the hands of a comparatively 

 small number of wealthy people, 

 who cultivated their immense 

 farms chiefly by slaves. 



As tribune for the year 133 B.C., 

 he brought forward a measure pro- 

 viding that the public lands should 

 be distributed in small holdings 

 among the poor, and that a certain 

 proportion of free labourers should 

 be employed on all large farms. 

 This measure brought Tiberius into 

 conflict with the senate and with 



GRACCHUS 



large numbers of the wealthy 

 classes, and another tribune, Octa- 

 vius, was suborned to veto the pro- 

 posed legislation. 



Tiberius thereupon got the as- 

 sembly of the people to deprive 

 Octavius of his office, and the bill 

 was passed. Threatened with im- 

 peachment at the end of his term 

 of office for his illegal proceedings, 

 Tiberius set himself to obtain the 

 tribunate for another year. The 

 elections were held, but the senate 

 declared that they were illegal, and 

 in the riots which ensued Tiberius 

 and 300 of his followers were killed. 

 Tiberius was a man of noble charac- 

 ter, and his reforms were prompted 

 by a genuine desire to improve the 



Gracchus. Cornelia, mother of the 



Gracchi, with her sons. From a 



group by P. J. Cavelier, 1814-94 



Luxembourg, Paris 



condition of his less fortunate 

 fellow citizens. Nor was his work 

 altogether in vain ; much land was 

 recovered, and during the next 

 decade the census showed an in- 

 crease of 70,000 citizens. 



Ten years after the death of 

 Tiberius, the agitation was renewed 

 by his brother, Gaius Sempronius 

 Gracchus (153-121 B.C ), who, after 

 service in Spain and as quaes- 

 tor in Sardinia, was tribune in 123 

 and 122 B.C. His policy was to put 

 his reforms on a much broader 

 basis than those of his brother, and 

 not to rely on the support of only 

 one class in the community. "' 



In addition to renewing the 

 purely agrarian legislation of Ti- 

 berius, his measures included the 

 establishment of colonies for settle- 

 ment by the poor, extensive army 

 reforms, and a monthly dole of 

 corn to all citizens at less than half 

 the market price, while an en- 

 deavour was made to secure the 

 support of the wealthy capitalists 

 of the equestrian order by giving 

 them the privilege of acting as 

 jurymen. These proposals met with 



