GRAMOPHONE 



GRANADA 



revisited England on diplomatic 

 and court missions in 1670-71, 

 1676, and 1688. He died in Paris, 

 Jan. 10, 1707. 



The Memoires de la Vie du 

 Comte de Gramont, published in 

 1713 as having been dictated by 

 the subject himself, were actually 

 written by his brother-in-law, and 

 give not only a vivacious picture 

 of Gramont, but also an intimate 

 account of the more scandalous 

 aspects of the court of Charles II. 

 The best modern edition, based on 

 that edited by Sir Walter Scott, 

 1811, is byC. Goodwin, 2 vols., 1903. 

 Gramophone (Gr. gramma, let- 

 ter; phone,so\ind). Talking-machine 

 allied to the phonograph and based 

 upon the same general principles. 

 The fundamental constructional 

 difference between the two consists 

 in replacing the hollow cylindrical 

 record of the phonograph by a disk 

 upon which the sound record is cut 

 as a spiral. The record is mounted 

 upon a spindle rotated uniformly, 

 usually by a spring -motor con- 

 trolled by a ball-governor. The 

 chamber or sound-box, containing 

 the diaphragm carrying the stylus, 

 is supported by a tubular arm deli- 

 cately poised on a bracket so that 

 it can be readily turned aside and 

 follow with ease the movements 

 of the stylus in the spiral track. 

 See Phonograph ; Talking-machine. 

 Grampians. Mt. range in Scot- 

 land. They dominate the centre 

 of the country, serving as the 

 barrier between the Highlands and 

 the Lowlands. They stretch from 

 the coast of Aberdeenshire in a 

 S.W. direction to Dumbartonshire, 

 touching also the counties of Banff, 

 Inverness, Forfar, Perth, Stirling, 

 and Argyll. Their highest point is 

 reached in Ben Nevis, but there 

 are other peaks over 4,000 ft. high, 

 and a number over 3,000. Among 

 the most important are Ben Mac- 

 dhui, Ben Lawers, Ben Lomond, 

 Cairngorm, Ben Alder, Ben Crua- 

 chan. and Cairntoul. Many of the 

 rivers of Scotland flow from the 

 Grampians ; some, e.g. the Forth 

 and Tay, southwards ; others, the 

 Don and Dee, northwards. The 

 mts. enclose some of the finest 

 scenery in Britain, examples being 

 the stretch along the Dee in Aber- 

 deenshire, the wild country at the 

 W. end of the Caledonian Canal, 

 the wooded passes of Perthshire, 

 and the mts. and lochs that beau- 

 tify that co. and also Argyllshire. 

 In general the N. parts " of the 

 range are wild and barren, and 

 there are extensive deer forests. 



Grampians. Mountain range 

 of W. Victoria, Australia. It con- 

 tains the source of the river Glen- 

 elg, and Mt. William (4,500 ft.) 

 is its highest summit. The N.E. 



extension of the range is called the 

 Pyrenees. 



Grampound. Market town of 

 Cornwall. It stands on the Fal, 

 9 m. from Truro and 6 m. from 

 St. Austell, and has a station 

 (G.W.H.) at Grampound Road, 

 2 m. away. Its old town hall still 

 stands, and the place is mainly 

 interesting on account of its past. 

 It became a town in the Middle 

 Ages, and in 1553 began to send 

 two members to Parliament. It 

 had a mayor and corporation, 

 while a small number of persons 

 elected the two members. These 

 men's votes were so easily and 

 openly bought that the affair 

 became a scandal even in the 1 8th 

 century. In 1818 an inquiry was 

 held, and in ] 821 the borough was 

 disfranchised. A little later it lost 

 its rights as a borough, and is now 

 only a village and parish. 



Grampus (Orca gladiator). 

 Large and ferocious dolphin which 



Grampus. Specimen of the large 

 and pugnacious dolphin 



attains a length of 20 ft. It ranges 

 all o\er the world, and has even 



Gramophone. Diagram illustrating the principal parts 

 and the method of reproducing sound. Vibrations of 

 diaphragm on reproducer, shown inset, are conveyed 

 through the tone arm into the sound-box, whence they 

 issue through louvres, shown broken off to expose 

 interior of sound-box 



been found in the Thames at Chel- 

 sea. It preys upon fishes and seals, 

 and has been known to attack the 

 whale. The word grampus is a cor- 

 ruption of Lat. crassus or grandis 

 piscis (coarse or large fish), cf. 

 Span, gran pez. See Dolphin. 



Gran OR GARAM. River of Hun- 

 gary. Taking its rise near the Low 

 Tatra, it flows W. and then S. , reach- 

 ing the Danube just below Eszter- 

 gom, after a course of about 150 m. 

 Gran. Alternative name for 

 Esztergom (q.v.), a town of Hun- 

 gary on the Danube, 25 m. N.W. 

 of Budapest. 



Granada. Name of a Moorish 

 kingdom in Spain that lasted from 

 1238 to 1492. The city of Granada 

 and the district around it fell into 

 the power of the Moors and was 

 long ruled by the caliphs of Cor- 

 dova. It became a flourishing 

 place, and was at one time the 

 capital of an independent princi- 

 pality. The kingdom, however, 

 dates from about 1238, and here a 

 certain Moor began to rule over 

 Granada, Malaga, and other places, 

 making the former his capital. 



Gradually the Christians won 

 back Spain from the Moors, and 

 later in the 15th century Granada 

 alone remained to the latter. Fer- 

 dinand and Isabella at length 

 turned their arms against it, and, 

 owing to rivalries among the ruling 

 family, Granada 

 .fell an easy prey. 

 The Moors were 

 beaten in battle ; 

 their last ruler, 

 Boabdil, formally 

 resigned his king- 

 dom to the Chris- 

 tians, who, Jan. 2, 

 1492, entered the 

 city of Granada. 

 Thenceforward the 

 kingdom formed 

 part of Spain. See 

 Alhambra ; Moors ; 

 Spain : History. 



Granada. Mari- 

 time prov. of 

 Spain, in Andalu- 

 sia. Bounded S. by 

 the Mediterranean, 

 it formed part of 

 the old Moorish 

 kingdom. The sur- 

 face is mountain- 

 ous, and it con- 

 tains, in the Sierra 

 Nevada, the 

 highest points of 

 Spain, one of the 

 most picturesque 

 regions in Europe. 

 Well watered, 

 chiefly by the Jenil 

 and its tributaries, 

 it is extremely 

 fertile. 



