GRANDCOURT 



GRAND ISLAND 



Grandcourt. Village of France, 

 in the dept. of Pas-de-Calais. It 

 is 6 m. S.W. of Bapaume, lying 

 slightly off the Albert-Bapaume 

 road. It was captured by the British 

 Feb. 7, 1917. Retaken by the Ger- 

 mans in Mar., 1918, it was recovered 

 by the Allies in Aug., 1918. See 

 Ancre, Battle of the; Somme, 

 Battles of the. 



Grand Duke. Title ranking 

 above that of duke. It first ap- 

 peared in 1557, when Pius V gave it 

 to the duke of Tuscany. It was 

 held by the Medici family and later 

 by the Habsburgs, who retained it 

 after they had been deprived of 

 Tuscany in 1859. The other grand 

 dukes mainly date from the reor- 

 ganization of Europe in 1815. 

 There were several in Germany 

 before 1918 Saxe- Weimar, Baden, 

 Oldenburg, the two Mecklenbergs, 

 and Hesse- Darmstadt. The ruler 

 of Luxembourg is called the grand 

 duke or grand duchess, and the 

 word was used to translate the 

 title borne by members of the im- 

 perial family of Russia before 1918. 

 See Duke. 



Grandee (Span, grande). Span- 

 ish title. Borne by the highest 

 nobles, it carried many privileges. 

 Grandees were exempt from taxes, 

 and from arrest except by special 

 warrant from the king, and could 

 even join the service of the king's 

 enemies. They were allowed to re- 

 main covered in the king's pre- 

 sence. Their privileges were gradu- 

 ally curtailed, and Joseph Bona- 

 parte abolished the title. It was 

 revived in 1834, though shorn of 

 all its privileges. 



Grand Falls. Cataract of La- 

 brador. It is on the Grand or 

 Hamilton river, about 252 m. W. 

 by S. of Hamilton Inlet. It de- 

 scends over 315 ft., has a breadth 

 of 200 ft., and is one of the finest 

 cataracts in N. America. 



Grand Falls. Town of New- 

 foundland, on the Exploits River, 

 about 22 m. from its mouth. Con- 

 nected by railway with the port of 

 Botwood. It takes' its name from 

 the falls, and owes its origin to the 

 development of the water power 

 there by the Anglo-Newfoundland 

 Development Company, Limited, 

 whose pulp and paper mills, com- 

 'menced in 1906, and completed 

 three years later, are among the 

 largest in the world. At Grand 

 Falls there is a town hall, fivt 

 churches, club, and other public 

 buildings. Pop. 4,000. 



Grand Falls OR COLEBROOKE. 

 Town of New Brunswick, Canada, 

 capital of Victoria co. It stands on 

 the St. John river, near its falls, 200 

 m. N.W. of St. John, and is served 

 by the G.P.R. Situated in a lum- 

 bering region, there are saw, grist, 

 and lumber mills. Pop. 1,280. 



Grandfather Clock. Popular 

 term for clocks, usually eight-day, 

 with cases to contain the long pen- 

 dulum. They were introduced in 

 England towards the end of the 

 17th century, and for some time 

 were made with the dome typical 

 of the bracket clock from which 

 they were developed. Early speci- 

 mens were made of oak, and had 

 brass dials, often engraved. Suc- 

 ceeding types were made of walnut 

 and mahogany, and had white dials 

 frequently with a painted device 

 showing the changes of the moon. 

 Early grandfather clocks, especi- 

 ally those dated c. 1680-1700, are 

 prized by collectors. English 18th 

 century specimens are numerous. 

 See Clock ; Horology. 



Grand Fleet. Name given to 

 Great Britain's principal naval 

 force during the Great War. Num- 

 bering about 400 ships, it was based 

 upon Scapa Flow in the Orkneys ; 

 Invergordon in Cromarty Firth ; 

 and Rosyth in the Firth of Forth. 



Grand Falls, Newfoundland. The pulp and paper mills of the Anglo- 

 Newfoundland Development Company, where the paper for The Daily Mail 

 and The Daily Mirror is made 



Grand Falls, New Brunswick. The 

 falls of the St. John River 



The Harwich force, but not the 

 Dover Patrol, came under it. Dur- 

 ing the last year of the war an 

 American battle squadron of five 

 ships formed part of it. Just 

 previous to the war the Grand 

 Fleet was commanded by Sir G. 

 A. Callaghan, who was replaced by 

 Sir John Jellicoe immediately war 

 was declared. Upon the latter 

 becoming first sea lord in Nov., 

 1916, Sir David Beatty was 

 appointed commander-in-chief of 

 the Grand Fleet, and he retained 

 that post until the end of the war, 

 when the Grand Fleet was dis- 

 persed. See Navy, British. 



Grand Forks. City of North 

 Dakota, U.S.A., the co. seat of 

 Grand Forks co. It stands at the 

 union of the Red Lake river with 

 the Red river of the North, 82 m. 

 N. of Fargo, and is served by the 

 Great Northern and the Northern 

 Pacific Rlys. It contains S. Ber- 

 nard's College and Grand Forks Col- 

 lege, and about 2 m. from the city is 

 the suburb of University, the seat of 

 the state university. Grand Forks 

 is a distributing centre for the 

 surrounding agricultural district, 

 trades largely in lumber, wheat, and 

 flour, and manufactures lumber 

 products, bricks, machinery, grain 

 elevators, carpets, rugs, and furni- 

 ture. Settled in 1871, it received a 

 city charter in 1881. Pop. 16,342. 



Grand Island. City of Nebra- 

 ska, U.S.A., the co. seat of Hall co. 

 On Platte river, 155 m. W.S.W. of 

 Omaha, it is served by the Union 

 Pacific and other rlys. It contains 

 Grand Island College, a sailors' and 

 soldiers' home, and a public library. 

 A live-stock trade is carried on and 

 beet-sugar production is an impor- 

 tant industry. The city has can- 

 neries, rly. workshops, broom and 

 wire-fence factories, and brick- 

 works. Grand Island was settled in 

 1857. Pop. 11,505. 



