GRANICUS 



of London, in the British Museum ; 

 and Sutherland's Clarendon and 

 Burnet, in the Bodleian. 



Granicus. Ancient name of the 

 modern Bigha Chai, a river of the 

 Troad, Asia Minor. It flows into 

 the Propontis, or Sea of Marmora, 

 and is famous as the scene of the 

 battle in which Alexander the Great 

 defeated the Persians in 334 B.C. 



Granite (Ital. granito, grained, 

 speckled). Granular crystalline 

 rock normally composed of the 

 minerals felspar, quartz, and mica 

 or hornblende, with a number of 

 other minerals in varying small 

 percentages, as magnetite, zircon, 

 etc. The latter minerals have dif- 

 ferent effects upon the appearance 

 of the granite. Graphic granite, for 

 example, has quartz and felspar 

 so arranged that a section gives the 

 appearance of cuneiform charac- 

 ters ; the granite of Peterhead is 

 red, due to admixture of iron 

 oxides, etc. The usual colour of the 

 rock is a shade of grey, though 

 pink, red, greenish, and yellow are 

 found and all variations of texture 

 from coarse to fine grained. 



Granites are found in large ir- 

 regular amorphous masses, known 

 as bosses, sometimes extending 

 over hundreds of square miles, and 

 were originally ' cooled at great 

 depths below the earth's surface. 

 On account of its great strength 

 and hardness granite is largely used 

 in all stone construction, though 

 the difficulty of working it makes 

 its use expensive. The granites of 

 Cornwall, the red Peterhead gran- 

 ite, and granites of Aberdeen are 

 considered the best in Great 

 Britain, though those of Mount 

 Sorrel in Leicestershire, and Wales 

 are largely quarried. See Geology , 

 consult also Stones for Building 

 and Decoration, G. P. Merrill, 1905. 



Granitite. Variety of granite in 

 which the mica constituent is repre- 

 sented by biotite alone. 



Granitza Furnace. Form of 

 furnace used at New Almaden, 

 California, for the treatment of fine 

 mercury ores. ^ v 



It consists of 

 a vertical 

 shaft having a 

 series of slop- 

 ing shelves 

 one above the 

 other, down 

 which the ore 

 slides, being 

 deflected from 

 side to side as 

 it falls. A fire- 

 grate is pro- 

 vided at one 

 side of the 

 shaft. See 

 Furnace; Mer- 

 cury. 



Granitza Furnace 



Sectional diagram : 



see text 



Gran Sasso d'ltalia (Great 

 Rock of Italy). Mt. mass of the 

 Apennines. It lies between the 

 provs. of Teramo and Aquila. The 

 highest peak is Monte Corno (9,580 

 ft. ), the loftiest point of the range. 

 Other peaks are Corno Piccolo, 

 8,650 ft. ; Pizzo d'Intermesole, 

 8,680 ft. ; Pizzo Cefalone, 8,307 ft. ; 

 and Monte della Portella, 7,835 ft. 

 Generally snow-capped, it com- 

 mands an extensive view, including 

 the Dalmatian Mts. Summer and 

 autumn are the best seasons for 

 making the ascent, either from 

 Aquila or Teramo. It was first 

 ascended by Orazio Delfico in 1794. 

 There is an Italian Alpine Club hut 

 near the summit. See Apennines. 

 Grant (Lat. credentare, to en- 

 trust). Literally, permission and 

 thus a gift, the implication being 

 that such a gift carries with it a 

 privilege of some kind. It is thus 

 used especially in law, where it 

 means the conveyance of property 

 from one person to another by 

 deed. A deed of grant is now the 

 proper method of conveying free- 

 hold property ; but it is used in 

 most other cases also, whether the 

 property be real or personal. A 

 grant-in- aid is money granted by 

 Parliament to local authorities in 

 aid of local services. 



Grant, ALBERT (1830-99). Com- 

 pany promoter. Son of W. Gott- 

 heimer, he .was born in Dublin. 

 He adopted 

 the name of 

 Grant, and 

 raised capital 

 to the extent 

 of 24,000,000 

 in connexion 

 with c o m- 

 panies operat- 

 ing on the 

 Albert Grant, Continent, in 

 Company promoter China, S. 

 America, and elsewhere, with ulti- 

 mate loss to shareholders of about 

 20,000,000. He was M.P. for Kid- 

 derminster in 1865-68 and 1874- 

 80. In 1868 he was made a baron 

 by Victor Emmanuel. He became 

 owner of The Echo in 1874 and 

 built a magnificent mansion, Ken- 

 sington House, which was de- 

 molished on behalf of his creditors. 

 In 1873-74 he bought Leicester 

 Fields and, after laying out the 

 garden, handed the ground over 

 for the benefit of the public, 

 July 2, 1874. His pictures fetched 

 over 100,000 at Christie's in 1877. 

 His later years were taken up in 

 defending bankruptcy proceedings. 

 He died at Bognor, Aug. 30, 1899. 

 See Leicester Square. 



Grant, JAMES (1802-7.9). Scot- 

 tish journalist. Born at Elgin, 

 Morayshire, he helped to found, and 

 fora time edited, The Elgin Courier, 



and, after serving The Morning 

 Chronicle, London, was editor of 

 The Morning Advertiser, 1850-71. 

 He was author of a history of The 

 Newspaper Press, 3 vols., 1871-72, 

 and wrote extensively on theo- 

 logical subjects from a Calvinistic 

 standpoint. He died at Bayswater, 

 May 23, 1879. 



Grant, JAMES (1822-87). Scot- 



tish novelist. Born at Edinburgh, 



Aug. 1, 1822, son of Captain Grant, 



92nd Gordon 



| Highlanders, 



I and related 



I through his 



**"*r 1 mother to Sir 



'" '' 3t I Walter Scott, 



| he served, 

 1840-43, as 

 an ensign in 

 the 62nd 

 Foot, studied 



an architect's 

 office, and 

 then devoted himself to literary 

 work. Of his 56 novels, most of 

 which deal with military life or 

 Scottish history, the most notable 

 is The Romance of War, 1845. It 

 was largely based on his father's 

 stories of the Peninsular War. He 

 was author of Memorials of Edin- 

 burgh Castle, 1850 ; Old and New 

 Edinburgh, 1880; Memoirs of 

 Montrose, 1858 ; Cavaliers of For- 

 tune, or British Heroes in Foreign 

 Wars, 1859; Scottish Soldiers of 

 Fortune, 1889 ; Histories of British 

 Battles, 1873 and 1884; an Illus- 

 trated History of India, 1876 ; and 

 The Tartans of the Clans of Scot- 

 land, 1886. He was one of the pio- 

 neers of the volunteer movement, 

 and died in London, May 5, 1887. 

 Grant, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827- 

 92). British soldier and explorer. 

 Born at Nairn, April 11, 1827, and 

 educated at Marischal College, 

 Aberdeen, he received a commis- 

 sion in the 8th Native Bengal In- 

 fantry, 1846. He took part in the 

 sieges of Multan and Gujerat, 1849, 

 and was attached to the 78th High- 

 landers at the relief of Lucknow, 

 1857, when he was wounded. In 

 1862-63 heaccompaniedJ. H. Speke 

 (q.v. ) in exploring the sources of 

 the Nile, and published A Walk 

 Across Africa, 1864. In 1868 he 

 accompanied the Abyssinian ex- 

 pedition under Napier. He left 

 the army with the rank of lieuten- 

 ant-colonel, and died at Nairn, 

 Feb. 11, 1892. His collection of 

 dried plants is in the herbarium at 

 Kew Gardens. 



Grant, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808- 

 75). British soldier. Born at Kil- 

 graston, Perthshire, July 22, 1808, 

 a brother of Sir Francis Grant, the 

 portrait-painter, he entered the 9th 

 Lancers in 1826 and saw his first 



