active service | .^m^ 

 in the Chinese I 

 War (1840- 

 -42). Proceed- 

 ing to India, \ 

 he fought in 

 the first and 

 second Sikh 

 Wars. He 

 played a most 

 important 

 part in the 

 suppression 

 of the Indian 

 Mutiny, notably in the operations 

 before Delhi, and in the first and 

 second reliefs of Lucknow. In 

 1860 he was commander in the 

 war against China which soon 

 ended in the capture of the 

 Taku forts and the surrender of 

 Peking. In 1870 Grant received the 

 Aldershot command, when, in face 

 of strong opposition, he initiated 

 the autumn manoeuvres. He died 

 in London, March 7, 1875. 



Grant, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822- 

 85). American soldier and presi- 

 dent of the U.S.A. Born April 27, 

 1822, near Clermont, Ohio, the son 

 of a farmer of Scottish ancestry, he 

 was educated at the military 

 academy of West Point. He fought 

 with distinction in the Mexican 

 War (1845-48), but in 1854 

 resigned from the army and was 

 engaged for some years in farming 

 and in real estate dealing. His 

 first command in the Civil War 

 was the colonelcy of an infantry 

 regiment of volunteers, and shortly 

 afterwards he was made a brigadier- 

 general. But the event which 

 brought him into real prominence 

 was his capture of Fort Donelson, 

 in Tennessee, in Feb., 1862. 



Less successful at Shiloh in the 

 following April, he began as com- 

 mander of the Thirteenth Army 

 the series of 

 m o vement s 

 which culmin- 

 ated in July, 

 1863, in the 

 surrender of 

 Vicksburg to 

 him, with some 

 30,000 men. 

 This brilliant 

 piece of work 

 brought Grant 

 the command 

 of the military division of the 

 Tennessee, and the rank of major- 

 general in the regular army, fol- 

 lowed by promotion to the rank of 

 lieut. -general after the victory at 

 Chattanooga in the autumn. 



In March, 1864, Grant, now recog- 

 nized by Lincoln as the one man 

 capable of finishing the war, was 

 made commander-in-chief and es- 

 tablished his headquarters with the 

 army of the Potomac, operating in 



3645 



Virginia. The main strength of the 

 Confederates was there, and Grant 

 announced that he would fight it 

 out on this line, though it took 

 him all the summer. The battles of 

 this campaign, The Wilderness, 

 Spottsylvania, Cold Harbour, and 

 others, were among the most 

 terrible of the war. Grant's losses 

 were greater than those of his 

 opponent Lee, but Grant could 

 always reinforce his depleted ranks, 

 whereas Lee could not. Eventually 

 the policy of attrition began to tell. 

 Petersburg and Richmond, the 

 Confederate capital, fell on April 2 

 and 3, 1865, and with the surrender 

 of Lee's shrunken remnant at 

 Appomattox Court House on April 

 9, the war was virtually finished. 



Grant was not perhaps a military 

 genius of the highest order, but he 

 showed remarkable ability in the 

 manner in which he exercised a 

 general supervision of the war 

 while conducting a most strenuous 

 local campaign. Moreover, he saw 

 clearly that, against the superior 

 forces of the North, the eventual 

 overthrow of the South was in- 

 evitable, and he set himself to 

 accomplish that purpose. 



In 1868 Grant became president 

 of the U.S.A. and held office for 

 two terms. During his presidency 

 the Alabama claims against Britain 

 were settled. In 1880 there was a 

 movement to put Grant forward 

 for a third term, but the project 

 aroused opposition as being un- 

 constitutional and was accordingly 

 dropped. In 1884 the banking 

 house in which Grant had become a 

 partner failed, and he was reduced 

 to poverty. In order to provide 

 for his wife and family he began to 

 write his Personal Memoirs, which 

 enjoyed great popularity. He died 

 of cancer in the throat at Mt. 

 MacGregor, near Saratoga, July 23, 

 1885. See American Civil War. 



Bibliography. Military History of 

 Grant, 1861-65, A. Badeau, 1881 ; 

 From Tanyard to White House, 

 W. M. Thayer, 1885 ; Grant as 

 Soldier and Statesman, E. Howland, 

 1868 ; Grant's Campaign in Virginia, 

 1864, J. H. Anderson, 1908 ; Grant's 

 Campaign in 1864 and 1865, 

 C. F. Atkinson, 1908. 



Grantham. Mun. borough and 

 market town of Lincolnshire. It 

 stands on the Witham, 25 m. S.S.E. 

 of Lincoln and 

 105m. from 

 London, and is 

 an import ant 

 junction on the 

 G.N. Ely. ; it is 

 also served by a 

 canal. The chief 

 building is the 

 church of S. 

 Grantham arms W u 1 f r a m ; 

 mainly 13th century work, it has a 



GRANTLEY 



Grantham, Lincolnshire. Parish 



church of S. Wulfram, showing the 



14th century spire, 280 ft. high 



Frith 



massive tower with spire, and is 

 noted for its window tracery, crypt, 

 and chained library. Sir Isaac New- 

 ton was educated at the grammar 

 school here ; it is of the time of 

 Edward VI. There are a modern 

 guildhall, an exchange, and several 

 churches. The ancient market 

 cross was re-erected in the large 

 market place in 1910. 



The Angel Inn is a building that 

 once belonged to the Templars, 

 while the George is mentioned in 

 Nicholas Nickleby. The chief in- 

 dustries are the manufacture of 

 agricultural implements and en- 

 gines, malting, and basket-mak- 

 ing, wickerwork, etc. Grantham 

 existed in the time of Domesday. 

 Various charters were given to it, 

 and it was represented in Parlia- 

 ment until 1918. It obtained a 

 mayor and corporation in 1463, and 

 is now governed by a corporation 

 reformed under the Act of 1835. 

 Several fairs are still held. Market 

 day, Sat. Pop. (1921) 18,902. 



Grant Land. Ice-bound tract 

 within the Arctic Circle. It is the 

 northernmost part of Ellesmere 

 Island, in British North America, 

 W. of Lincoln Sea and E. of Nansen 

 Sound. Discovered by Hayes, Hall, 

 and Nares in 1875, it lies between 

 lat. 81 and 83 N. 



Grantley, FLETCHER NORTON, 

 IST BARON (1716-89). English 

 lawyer. The son of a Yorkshire- 

 man, he was born at Grantley, 

 June 23, 1716, and was called to 

 the bar in 1739. He entered the 



