GRAPE FRUIT 



3647 



GRAPH 



Urape. Black Hamburg grapes, a 



fine dessert variety, growing under 



glass 



England grapes will ripen in the 

 open air, on sunny borders with 

 rich loamy soil dug to a depth 

 of 3 ft. The vines should be cut 

 back every year in winter, and 

 given copious draughts of liquid 

 manure and dressings from the 

 stable. Where it is necessary to 

 grow grapes under the shelter of 

 glass, the vine should be planted 

 in rich loam mixed with old lime 

 rubbish, and the canes planted early 

 in the year, say, at the end of Janu- 

 ary, putting the vines 6 ft. apart. 



Grapes may be had at any time 

 in the year by starting the vines six 

 months ahead of the date required 

 and keeping them in a temperature 

 which rises automatically from 45 

 to 80, according to the season of 

 the year and the results expected. 

 The vines should be watered liber- 

 ally until they flower, using water 

 of a similar temperature to that of 

 the house. As soon as the vines 

 have ceased to flower and the fruit 

 has formed, the supply of water 

 should be diminished, and the 

 bunches of newly formed grapes 

 should be thinned to ensure ber- 

 ries of good size and full flavour 

 and colour being produced. A good 



average bunch of grapes should 

 weigh from f Ib. to 1 lb., and these 

 bunches should be borne at inter- 

 vals of about 1 ft. upon the rod or 

 vine. It is a mistake to thin 

 grapes insufficiently with the idea 

 of getting a larger crop, as by so 

 doing the resulting fruit is of in- 

 ferior size and quality, and the 

 vine is impoverished. See Vine ; 

 Wine. . 



Grape Fruit (Citrus decumana). 

 Tree belonging to the same genus as 

 the orange, alternatively known as 

 shaddock (q.v.). 



Grape Hyacinth (Muscari race- 

 mosum). Bulbous herb of the na- 

 tural order Liliaceae. A native of 

 Europe and S. Africa, it has long, 

 slender, half-rounded leaves, and 

 a short flower stem, bearing many 

 round dark- blue flowers. 



Grape Pear (Amelanchier cana- 

 densis). Small tree of the natural 

 order Rosaceae. It is a native of 

 N. America. It has oblong-elliptic, 

 toothed leaves, and large white 

 flowers in drooping sprays. The 

 fruit is globular, of crimson or pur- 

 plish colour, sweet and agreeable. 



Grape-shot (Fr. grappe, bunch 

 of grapes). Obsolete projectile at 

 one time much used for smooth- 

 bore guns. It 

 /% ] consisted of a 



\E_ 3 large number 



of cast-iron 

 bullets packed 

 in layers be- 

 t w e e n thin 

 iron plates, 

 and then ar- 

 ranged in tiers 

 (generally 

 three), the 

 whole being 

 held together 

 by an iron 

 bolt passing 

 through the 

 centre of the 

 plates, thus 

 resembling a bunch of grapes. 

 When fired the shot broke up and 

 distributed the bullets in a shower 

 in a somewhat similar manner to 

 case-shot, but at a greater dis- 

 tance from the muzzle of the gun. 

 It has been entirely replaced by 

 shrapnel (q.v. ). See Ammunition. 





Grape-shot, an 

 obsolete projectile 



Urape Hyacinth. Leaves aiiu flowers 

 of the bulbous herb 



Grape Sugar. 



glucose also known 

 as dextrose (q.v.). 

 Graph (Gr. 

 graphein, to write). 

 Diagrammatic re- 

 presentation of 

 statements, form- 

 ulae, etc. Graph- 

 ical methods are 

 increasingly em- 

 ployed in the solu- 

 tion of problems, 

 and the presenta- 



Solid form of 



Grape Pear. Leaves, flowers, and 

 fruit of the North American tree 



tion of the results of analysis, not 

 only in science, but in every-day 

 affairs. Simple examples of such 

 diagrams are charts showing varia- 

 tion of temperature, the rise and 

 fall of exports and imports over a 

 given period, etc. These charts 

 are usually prepared on squared 

 paper, i.e. paper divided into 

 squares by equidistant horizontal 

 and vertical lines. 



In general, two lines are chosen 

 at right angles, and the position of 

 any point on the curve is defined 

 with reference to these lines. As an 

 example, suppose it is required to 

 show over a given period the 

 number of ships sunk by sub- 

 marines week by week. Along one 

 of the axes are marked at equal 

 intervals the number of weeks, 

 5, 10, 15, etc., and along the axis 

 at right angles the number of 

 ships sunk during each of those 

 weeks. In the third week, say, 22 

 ships were sunk. 



Then from the points 3 of the 

 week's axis, and 22 of the ships' 

 axis, lines are drawn meeting, and 

 where they meet gives one point on 

 the curve, and similarly other 

 points are obtained, and so a com- 

 plete diagrammatic representation 

 of the sinking of ships by sub- 

 marines, enabling those who have 

 drawn the curve to see at once how 

 the rate of sinking is rising or fall- 

 ing, without remembering a mass of 

 figures. Such graphical methods 

 are now widely used in commerce, 

 e.g., in curves, showing the output 

 in various industries, fluctuations 

 of wages, rates of exchange, etc. 



Graph, indicating number of ships sunk in a period 

 twenty weeks. See text 



