GRATUITY 



3653 



GRAVELINES 



to speeches in the Houses of Par- 

 liament and practising oratory. 

 In 1772 he was called to the Jrish 

 bar, and in 1775 was nominated 

 to represent Charlemont in the 

 Irish Parliament by the owner 

 of the borough, Lord Charle- 

 mont. 



Grattan soon became the leader 

 of the popular or patriot party. 

 Supported by the Irish volunteers, 

 he procured, in 1782, the passing of 

 legislation which made the Irish 

 Parliament independent. A further 

 rupture between Grattan and Flood 

 (q.v. ) then occurred, the former 

 believing that England had given 

 sufficient evidence of her recog- 

 nition of Irish legislative in- 

 dependence, and that there was 

 no longer a need for the reten- 

 tion of the Volunteers, the latter 

 clamouring for a fuller and more 

 complete renunciation of English 

 authority. 



Grattan won, but his success, 

 coupled with his failure to procure 

 Catholic emancipation, saw the 

 beginning of the decline of his 

 popularity. He continued, how- 

 ever, with unabated vigour, to 

 speak for the popular cause, at- 

 tacking the pension list, the sale of 

 peerages, and the purchase of seats 

 in the House of Commons, pleading 

 for the amelioration of the lot of 

 the peasants, and for commercial 

 equality between England and Ire- 

 land, and opposing vehemently the 

 constant suggestions of a Union. 

 In 1794 he supported the Govern- 

 ment on the question of the war 

 with France, but in 1797 protested 

 strongly against General Lake's 

 proclamation of martial law for 

 Ulster. 



Though so ardently devoted to 

 the side of liberty, Grattan showed 

 no sympathy with the movement 

 of the United Irishmen, and in 

 1798, when their rebellion broke 

 out, he went over to England and 

 remained there until the rising was 

 at an end. From 1806 until his 

 death he represented Malton and 

 Dublin in the British Parliament, 

 his chief interests being to secure 

 emancipation for Roman Catholics. 

 He died in London, June 4, 1820- 

 and was buried in Westminster 

 Abbey. Grattan was a man of fine 

 character, disinterested and pat- 

 riotic, but his reputation rests 

 chiefly upon his oratory, to which 

 the highest tributes were paid by 

 contemporaries. See Life, by his 

 son, Henry, 1839-46 ; Leaders of 

 Public Opinion in Ireland, \V. E. 

 H. Lecky, 1903. 



Gratuity (late Lat. gratuitas, a 

 free gift). Sum of money granted 

 by the Government to British sol- 

 diers for services rendered on active 

 service. It may be also granted as 



compensation for wounds received, 

 jn addition to any pension which 

 may subsequently be granted in 

 respect of the wound, and in lieu 

 of a pension in respect of any 

 disability contracted on active 

 service. The first type of gratuity 

 is popularly designated " blood 

 money." Gratuities for services 

 rendered and wounds received 

 vary according to the rank of 

 the recipient. 



A gratuity in lieu of pension in 

 respect of disability is granted at 

 the discretion of the ministry of 



Graun, KAEL HEINRICH (1701- 

 59). German composer. Born at 

 Wahrenbriick, in Prussian Saxony, 

 May 7, 1701, he began his career in 

 opera at Dresden. About 1735 he 

 made the acquaintance of Frederick 

 the Great, then crown prince, and 

 was attached to his court until his 

 death in Berlin, Aug. 9, 1759. For 

 his patron he composed a large 

 number of operas and cantatas and 

 a Te Deum to celebrate the battle 

 of Prague. He is best known by 

 his cantata, The Death of Jesus, 

 which is regularly performed 



pensions when it is considered that throughout Germany during Pas 

 it more adequately meets the case, 

 usually when the disability is as- 

 sessed at less than 20 p.c., but a 

 pensioner who prefers a lump sum 



may apply to be granted a gratuity Grave. Name for a place of 

 in lieu of his existing pension. The burial. 



sion Week. 



Grauwacke. Alternative spell- 

 ing of the name of the coarse sand- 

 stone Greywacke (q.v. ). 



sting pensi 

 word is also used in a more general 

 sense for any payment that is not 

 a legal obligation, bonuses and the 

 like. See Bonus. 



Grau, MIGUEL (1834-79). Peru- 

 vian admiral. A naval officer and a 

 member of the Peruvian Congress, 

 Grau was director of the naval aca- 

 demy just before the war with 

 Chile began in 1879. Thereupon he 

 took command of a fleet, and with 

 his battleship, the Huascar, fought 

 two Chilean ships off Point Anga- 

 mos, Oct. 8, 1879. In this en- 

 counter Grau was killed by the 

 explosion of a shell. 



Graudenz on GRUDZIAZ. Town 

 of Poland. Formerly a strongly 

 fortified German town in W. 



Graudenz, Poland. The old citadel on the Schlossberg, 

 overlooking the Vistula 



Prussia, it lies on the right bank 

 of the Vistula, 45 m. N. of Thorn, 

 and is commanded by a citadel 

 built by Frederick the Great. The 

 principal manufactures include 

 machinery, flour, and tobacco. 

 Graudenz fell to Poland in 14G6, 

 and to Prussia in 1772. During the 

 early stages of the Great War it 

 was threatened by the Russians in 

 their advance on the Vistula, but 

 was saved by troops hastily sent 

 across Germany from the W. front. 

 Pop. 40,325. 



It comes from an Anglo- 

 Saxon word, and from it have 

 come the compounds gravestone, 

 graveyard, gravedigger, etc. See 

 Archaeology ; Burial Customs ; 

 Burial Laws ; War Graves. 



Grave. In music, slow tempo, 

 massive in character. Handel uses 

 the term at the opening of The 

 Messiah, and for the short solid 

 double choruses in Israel in Egypt 

 where great solemnity of delivery 

 is required. See Musical Terms. 



Gravel. Accumulation of worn 

 rock fragments, formed by the 

 action of the sea, by rivers, or by 

 glaciers. The constituents of 

 gravel, which may be formed from 

 nearly every type of rock, vary 

 in size from a walnut to a pea. 

 Larger fragments 

 1 are known as 

 I shingle, smaller as 

 I sand. Byinfiltra- 

 1 tion of silica, lime, 

 .,^^.tts-*a or i r n oxides the 

 1 gravel fragments 

 may become 

 cemented together 

 and are known as 

 conglomerate 

 (q.v.). The chief 

 use of gravel is for 

 the construction 

 of roads and 

 paths, those Avhich 

 are rich in oxide of 

 iron being pre- 

 ferred for "their 

 Shell gravel, as its 

 name implies, consists chiefly of 

 shell fragments, and is extensively 

 used for pathways. Artificial 

 gravels are used in road-making 

 on account of the scarcity of good 

 binding natural gravel, and are 

 made by crushing granite, quartz, 

 slag, etc., to the required size. 

 See Roads. 



Gravelines. Town and seaport 

 of France, in the dept. of Nord. 

 It stands on the Aa, about 1 m. 

 from its mouth, and 15 m. from 



warm colour. 



