GRAVEL.INES 



3654 



Dunkirk. The port has a harbour 

 on the river, but the accumulation 

 of sand therein is a drawback to it. 

 It is a fishing centre, many of the 

 fisherfolk living in Les Huttes, a 

 part of the town almost reserved 

 for them, and has a trade in timber, 

 coal, etc. There are several other 

 industries, including sugar refining, 

 while fish and food preserving are 

 carried on. Gravelines retains 

 its old walls. About 1250 a count 

 of Flanders canalised the river Aa, 

 and here the town grew up. 



Gravelines, BATTLE OF. Fought 

 July 13, 1558, between the French 

 on the one side and the Spaniards 

 and English on the other. Philip II 

 of Spain persuaded his wife Mary 

 to join him in making war on 

 France in 1557. On July 13, 1558, 

 two small armies met outside 

 Gravelines, the Spanish having 

 English help in the shape of a fleet, 

 under Lord Clinton, cruising along 

 the coast. The French were 

 charged by the Flemish cavalry 

 under the count of Egmont, while 

 the guns of the ships assisted in 

 their discomfiture. The result was 

 their defeat and the consequent 

 treaty of Cateau Cambresis. 



Gravelotte. Village of Lorraine, 

 now part of France. It is about 6 

 m. due W. of Metz, and is solely 

 important because of the battle 

 fought here in Aug., 1870, during 

 the Franco-Prussian War. Near 

 the village is a large cemetery, 

 while in 1905 the Germans erected 

 here a colonnade in which are 

 busts of their leaders in the war 

 and memorials of the fallen. See 

 Metz, Campaign of. 



Gravelotte, BATTLE OF. Fought 

 Aug. 18, 1870, in the Franco-Prus- 

 sian War. There were actually 

 engaged 100,000 French, under 

 Bazaine, and 150,000 Germans of 

 the first and second armies directed 

 by Von Moltke. The fight resulted 

 in Bazaine being driven back east- 

 ward into Metz, when he desired 

 to move west on Verdun. It was a 

 strategical victory for the Germans, 

 who, by their superior numbers, 

 were able to turn the French right 

 flank, but they lost over 20,000 

 killed and wounded, while the 

 French admitted a loss of only 

 13,000. The battle was part of the 

 great campaign around Metz (q.v.). 



Gravenstafel. Hill of Belgium, 

 in the prov. of W. Flanders, 1 m. 

 N.W. of Broodseinde. It was 

 prominent in the fighting in the 

 Ypres salient in the Great War. 

 During the second battle of Ypres, 

 April, 1915, Canadian and North- 

 umbrian troops made an heroic 

 stand at Gravenstafel. It was cap- 

 tured by the New Zealand division, 

 Oct. 4, 1917, in the third battle of 

 Ypres. See Ypres, Battles of. 



Graves. Name of wine produced 

 in the Graves district of Gironde, 

 France. It is generally dry, light, 

 and more alcoholised than claret, 

 with a distinctive flavour imparted 

 by the gravelly soil. Graves is 

 either white or red, but in England 

 the name is usually associated with 

 the white variety. Pron. Grahv. 



Graves, THOMAS GRAVES, BARON 

 (c. 1725-1802). British sailor. He 

 entered the navy when very young, 

 served in the 

 expedition to 

 Cartagena 

 (1741), and was 

 present at the 

 battle off Tou- 

 lon (1744). In 

 1758, after ser- 

 vice in Africa 

 and the English 

 1st Baron Graves, Channel, he 

 British sailor {ought under 

 After Nonhcoie Rodney at the 

 bombardment of Havre de Grace. 

 Promoted rear-admiral in 1779, in 

 1780 he sailed to America and 

 in 1781 took part in the action of 

 the Chesapeake, and became com- 

 mander-in-chief of the station. 



His actions, especially his failure 

 to relieve Cornwallis when besieged 

 at York, caused much discussion, 

 but he was promoted vice-admiral 

 in 1787 and in 1788 was made 

 commander-in-chief of Plymouth. 

 In 1794 he became admiral, and for 

 his conduct in the battle of June 1 

 was made an Irish peer arid granted 

 a pension of 1,000. He died 

 Feb. 9, 1802. 



Graves, ALFRED PERCEVAL (b. 

 1840). Irish author. Born in 

 Dublin, July 22, 1846, a son of the 

 bishop of Lim- 

 erick, after 

 graduating a t 

 Dublin Uni- 

 versity, he en- 

 tered the home 

 office, after- 

 wards becom- 

 ing an inspec- 

 tor of schools. 

 He began his A. Perceval Graves, 

 literary career Irish author 



at the age Eiiioit&Fr V ^ 



of 14, with a Christmas Ode in a 

 Liverpool paper. Father O'Flynn, 

 the poem by which he was first 

 known, was written in 1872 and 

 appeared in The Spectator, but 

 was not published as a song until 

 1882, when it came out in a collec- 

 tion of Irish songs, arranged to 

 Graves' s words, entitled Songs of 

 Old Ireland. Among other works 

 by him are Songs of Irish Wit and 

 Humour and The Irish Song Book, 

 1894. Graves took a prominent 

 part in the founding of the Irish 

 Literary Society, of which he was 

 twice president. 



Charles Graves, 

 British author 



Graves, CHARLES LARCOM (b. 

 1856). Author and journalist. Son 

 of the bishop of Limerick, he was 

 born Dec. 15, 

 1856, and edu- 

 cated at Marl- 

 borough and 

 Christ Church, 

 Oxford. En- 

 gaged in tutor- 

 i a 1 w o r k in 

 Manchester, 

 1880-84, he be- 

 came a journal- 

 ist in London, 



Elliott & Fry & n ^ wag a g . 



sistant editor of The Spectator, 

 1899-1917. He joined the staff 

 of Punch in 1902. He is author 

 of The Life and Letters of Sir 

 George Grove, 1903 ; Life and 

 Letters of Alexander Macmillan, 

 1910 ; Mr. Punch's History of the 

 Great War, 1919 ; and numerous 

 works in a lighter vein, including 

 The Blarney Ballads, 1889 ; The 

 Hawarden Horace, 1894-96; The 

 Diversions of a Music Lover, 1904 ; 

 Humours of the Fray, 1907 ; and 

 (with E. V. Lucas) Wisdom While 

 You Wait, Signs of the Times, and 

 Hustled History. 



Graves, CLOTILDE INEZ MARY 

 (b. 1864). Irish novelist and play- 

 wright. Born at Buttevant, co. 

 Cork, June 3, 

 1864, she stud- 

 ied art, and 

 then turning to 

 the drama and 

 literature won 

 popularity un- 

 der the name 

 of Richard 

 Dehan,inl910, 

 with The Dop 

 Doctor, a real- 

 istic story of 

 life in S. Africa during the Boer 

 War. This success was followed 

 up by a number of capital stories, 

 including Between Two Thieves, 

 1912; The Man of Iron (Bismarck), 

 1914 ; and Earth to Earth, 1916. 

 Between 1887 and 1907 she wrote 

 a number of plays, including 

 Katherine Kavanagh, A Mother of 

 Three, and St. Martin's Summer. 



Graves, SIR THOMAS (c. 1747- 

 1814). British sailor. Entering the 



Clotilde I. M. Graves, 

 Irish novelist 



navy, he served 



Sir Thomas Graves, 

 British sailor 



After Norlhcote 



in the Seven 

 Years' War, 

 and in 1773 

 sailed to the 

 Arctic seas 

 under Captf in 

 Phipps. The 

 following year 

 he went to 

 America, 

 where he was 

 employed in 

 the preven- 

 tion of smug- 



