GREENWOOD 



369 1 



GREGORIAN CHANT 



FrederickGreeuwood, 

 British journalist 



Russell 



Greenwood, FREDERICK (1830- 

 1909). British journalist. He was 

 born in London, March 25, 1830. 

 After acting as 

 reader to a firm 

 of printers and 

 publishers, he 

 took to writing 

 essays and 

 novels for 

 newsp apers 

 and magazines. 

 He was first 

 editor of The 

 Queen, 1861- 

 63 ; assistant 

 editor, with G. H. Lewes, 1862-64, 

 and then editor, 1864-68, of The 

 Cornhill Magazine ; and first editor 

 of The Pall Mall Gazette from Feb., 

 1865. When in April, 1880, its pro- 

 prietors and politics were changed, 

 he and his staff resigned, and in May 

 started The St. James's Gazette, 

 of which he was editor until 1 888. 

 He founded and edited The Anti- 

 Jacobin, 1891-92. He died at 

 Sydenham, Dec. 14, 1909. 



He devoted special study to 

 foreign affairs, was a strong op- 

 ponent of Gladstone's an ti -Tur- 

 kish policy, and suggested to 

 Beaconsfield the purchase by Great 

 Britain of Ismail Pasha's Suez 

 Canal shares, of the intended sale 

 of which he had received early in- 

 formation. Of his novels the best 

 is Margaret Denzil's History, 1864. 

 He was the author also of The 

 Lover's Lexicon, 1803, and Ima- 

 gination in Dreams, 1894; and 

 figures as Richard Rockney in 

 George Meredith's Celt and Saxon. 

 Greenwood, SIR HAMAR (b. 

 1870). British politician. Born at 

 Whitby, Ontario, Feb. 7, 1870, he 

 was educated 

 there and at 

 the university 

 of Toronto. 

 For a time he 

 was in the On- 

 tario depart- 

 ment of agri- 

 culture, an 

 officer in the 

 Canadian 

 militia, and 

 was also a bar- 

 rister. In 1906 he was elected as 

 a Liberal for York, and became 

 parliamentary private secretary to 

 Winston Churchill, then under- 

 secretary for the colonies. Defeated 

 at York in Jan., 1910, he found a 

 seat at Sunderland in Dec. In 

 1924 he was elected M.P. for East 

 Walthamstow. 



In 1915 Greenwood commanded 

 a service battalion of the S. Wales 

 Borderers. In 1916 he returned to 

 England, and was for a time at the 

 War Office. In 1919 he was made 

 under-secretary for the home de- 



Sir H. Ureenwpod, 

 British politician 



Russell 



partment, and from 1920 to 1922 

 was chief secretary for Ireland. 

 In 1915 he was made a baronet. 

 See Ireland : History. 



Greenwood, THOMAS (1851- 

 3909). Advocate of rate-supported 

 piblic libraries. Born at Woodley, 

 near Stockport, Cheshire, May 9, 

 1851, he began business life as a 

 clerk in a hat works, and then be- 

 came a library assistant at Sheffield. 

 He founded in London a number 

 of trade journals, which he edited, 

 wrote a biography of Edward 

 Edwards the librarian, 1902, and 

 was the author of Public Libraries. 

 Their Organization, Use, and Man- 

 agement, 1886, 5th ed. 1894. He 

 formed a large bibliographical 

 library, which, with the library of 

 Edwards, he presented to Man- 

 chester Public Library, where it is 

 known as the Thomas Greenwood 

 Library for Librarians. He died 

 at Elstree, Herts, Nov. 9, 1908. 



Greenwood Case. Sensational 

 trial at Carmarthen Assizes, Nov. 

 2-9, 1920, of a Kidwelly solicitor 

 who was charged with administer- 

 ing arsenic to his wife. He was de- 

 fended by Sir Edward Marshall 

 Hall, K.C. The trial was remark- 

 able for the extreme conflict of 

 evidence, and for the weakness of 

 the evidence for the prosecution, 

 and it brought out strongly the 

 defects of the circuit system, under 

 which the accused man was kept 

 in prison for more than four 

 months awaiting his trial on a 

 capital charge, before his acquittal 

 at the hands of the jury. 



Greet, BEN. British actor 

 manager. Born on a training ship 

 in the Thames, which his father 

 commanded, he was educated at 

 the Royal Naval School, New 

 Cross. In 1879 he first appeared 

 on the stage at Southampton, and 

 after playing in London, entered 

 on management in 1886. For 25 

 years he toured with his own com- 

 pany, chiefly in Shakespeare. In 

 1901 he revived the old morality 

 Everyman in London, and for 

 many years from 1902 was engaged 

 in management at New York. Dur- 

 ing the Great War and after he 

 produced Shakesperean plays at the 

 Royal Victoria Hall ( " Old Vic " ), 

 London, and elsewhere. 



Gregale. Name given to a dry 

 N.E. wind which blows over Malta. 

 It has been identified with the 

 Bora, which often rages with great 

 severity in the Adriatic, and the 

 Euroclydon, which wrecked S. 

 Paul's ship (Acts xxvii, 14). 



Gregarines. Parasitic single - 

 celled animals, protozoa, found 

 in the alimentary canals of inver- 

 tebrates, chiefly the arthropods. 

 There are a large number of 

 species, among the more important 



being those found in the earth- 

 worm, lobster, cockroach, and 

 cuttlefish. The effect of the pre- 

 sence of these parasites on the 

 bodies of their hosts is as a rule 

 purely local. See Sporozoa. 



Gregoire, HENRI (1750-1831). 

 French bishop and revolutionary. 

 Born of peasant stock at Veho, 

 Meurthe-e t- 

 Moselle,Dec.4, 

 1750, .he was 

 educated for 

 the priesthood 

 by the ,Jesuits 

 at Nancy. He 

 sat in the 

 States General 

 of 1789, pro- 

 Henri Gregoire, minent as one 

 French revolutionary o f the revolu- 

 tionary clerics who joined hands 

 with the third estate. With the lat- 

 ter he attacked the privileges of the 

 clergy, though firmly maintaining 

 his Catholic beliefs, and, under the 

 new civil constitution of the 

 Church, was elected bishop of 

 Blois, 1791. In 1792 he strongly 

 advocated the abolition of the 

 monarchy, and became president 

 of the convention in Nov. 



During the consulate he con- 

 tinued to work for ecclesiastical 

 reform, but, opposing Napoleon's 

 concordat with Pope Pius VII, re- 

 signed his bishopric hi 1801. In 

 the senate he vainly opposed the 

 establishment of the empire, and 

 worked against it during its last 

 months in 1814. After the Bour- 

 bon restoration, however, owing 

 to his past record, he was forced 

 to live in retirement. In 1819 he 

 was elected to the chamber for 

 the dept. of Isere, but the election 

 was quashed by a special vote. 

 After this he finally retired and 

 wrote a number of books on eccle- 

 siastical history. He died at 

 Auteuil, May 28, 1831. 



Gregorian Calendar. Calen- 

 dar introduced by direction of 

 Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. It 

 was a reform of the Julian calen- 

 dar, but was not adopted in Great 

 Britain until 1752. See Calendar. 

 Gregorian Chant. Term ap- 

 plied to the plainsong system used 

 in the rendering of the music of the 

 services of the Church as supervised 

 and settled by S. Gregory. The 

 principal eight modes or tones may 

 be described as represented by the 

 white notes alone of the pianoforte, 

 with the exception of an occasional 

 B flat to avoid the harshness of the 

 tritone. The four authentic modes 

 are No. 1 (Dorian, D to D), No. 3 

 (Phrygian, E to E), No. 5 (Lydian, 

 F to F), and No. 7 (Mixo-Lydian, 

 GtoG). Coupled with each of these, 

 but lying a fourth lower, is a plagal 

 mode distinguished by an even 



