GREGOROVIUS 



3692 



GREGORY I 



number and having the prefix hypo 

 to the Greek term. Each pair has 

 the same final, but a different 



Intona- Kec. Media- Bee. 

 lion Note UOH Note 



The same in modern notatic 



-F-F-+ 



Gregorian Chant. Tone VIII, 1st 



ending, with transliteration into 



modern notation 



dominant, i.e. the note to which 

 the recitation is chanted. The 

 dominant of an authentic mode is 

 the fifth degree except when, as in 

 No. 3, that happens to be B, then 

 the dominant is the sixth. The 

 dominant of a plagal mode is a third 

 lower than that of its associated 

 authentic mode, except that C 

 takes the place of B as before. 



Structurally, the chant begins 

 with an intonation, used in every 

 verse of the Canticles, but only in 

 the first verse of the Psalms, fol- 

 lowed by a reciting note (domi- 

 nant) and a melodic extension 

 called the mediation. This closes 

 the first portion of the chant. The 

 second begins with a reciting note 

 (dominant again), and concludes 

 with a melodic extension called the 

 ending. Each of the tones, has 

 various endings. It is not necessary 

 that the ending should close on the 

 final, which, however, is always 

 supplied by the antiphon which 

 precedes and follows each canticle 

 or psalm. 



In addition to the eight principal 

 tones others are sometimes used. 

 The material being the same, the 

 only difference lies in the notes 

 taken as finals and dominants. As 

 in all plainsorig, the music is noted 

 on a four-line stave with either the 

 For the C clef, and for performance 

 is transposed to any convenient 

 pitch. See Ambrosian Chant. 



Gregorovius , FERDINAND ( 1 821- 

 91). German historian. BornatNei- 

 denburg, E.Prussia, Jan. 19, 1821,he 

 was educated 

 at Konigsberg, 

 and became a 

 teacher. He 

 passed much 

 of his life, how- 

 ever, in Italy, 

 and his great 

 work is his His- 

 tory of Rome 

 in the Middle 

 Ages. Accu- 

 rate, detailed 

 and scholarly, 



Ferdinand 



Gregorovius, 



German historian 



this monumental 

 work in many volumes traces the 

 history of the city, and with it of 

 the papacy, from about 400 to 1534 

 (Eng. trans. A. Hamilton, 1894- 

 1900). Gregorovius wrote a number 

 of other historical works, includ- 



ing a Life of the Emperor Hadrian 

 (Eng. trans. R. Martineau, 1855), 

 and some poems. He died at 

 Munich, May 1, 1891. 



Gregory. Salt lake of S. Aus- 

 tralia. It lies between Lake Eyre 

 and Lake Blanche in lat. 29 S. and 

 long. 1 39 10' E. Its length is 40 m. , 

 and maximum breadth 10 m. 



Gregory THE ILLUMINATOR (c. 

 257-332). Apostle of Armenia and 

 saint. Descended from the royal 

 race of Parthia, his family were 

 killed in revenge after his father, 

 Anak, had assassinated the king of 

 Armenia. The boy was educated as 

 a Christian at Caesarea, and later 

 returned to Armenia, probably 

 about 290. He is said to have been 

 imprisoned there for 14 years, and 

 to have been released as a reward 

 for healing King Terdat (Tiridates) 

 of a disease. He later became the 

 head of the Armenian Church, but 

 gave up office in 331 and spent the 

 rest of his life in a cave. 



Gregory NAZIANZEN (c. 330- 

 390). Saint and father of the East- 

 ern Church. He was a native of 

 Nazianzus, in Cappadocia, of which 

 place his father became bishop. 

 His mother was a woman of deep 

 piety. He studied at the two 

 Caesareas, Alexandria, and Athens, 

 and had Julian, afterwards Roman 

 emperor, for fellow student, and 

 Basil for friend. He assisted his 

 father at Nazianzus, was made 

 bishop of Sasima, was elected bishop 

 of Constantinople, and, one of the 

 most eloquent orators of the early 

 church, became famous for his 

 defence of the Nicene faith and his 

 opposition to Arianism and Apol- 

 linarianism. Jerome was one of 

 his pupils. 



His consecration as bishop of 

 Constantinople took place in 381, 

 but the Macedonian and Egyptian 

 bishops contending that the canons 

 of Nice limited a bishop to one 

 diocese, he resigned and spent the 

 rest of his life in his birthplace. 

 His writings include letters, which 

 abound in beautiful thoughts, 

 poems, and 45 orations which won 

 for him the title of Theologian. The 

 best edition of his works is the 

 Benedictine, Paris, 1778-1840. See 

 memoir, C. Ullmann, 1825, Eng. 

 trans. G. F. Coxe, 1857. 



Gregory OF NYSSA. G reek saint 

 and father of the church. Born at 

 Caesarea about 331, the younger 

 brother of S. Basil, who brought 

 him up, he taught rhetoric for some 

 years, after which he was ordained, 

 and about 371 was appointed 

 bishop of Nyssa in Cappadocia. In 

 375 he was deposed on a false 

 charge of misappropriating church 

 funds , three years later he was re- 

 stored to his see, and took part in 

 the Councils of Constantinople in 



381 and 394. He probably died in 

 396. His numerous writings all 

 dealt with theological and eccle- 

 siastical questions. 



Gregory OF TOURS (538-594). 

 Frankish historian. Born at Cler- 

 mont-Ferrand he was there edu- 

 cated and became a priest. In 573 

 he was made bishop of Tours, a 

 position which gave him a standing 

 in the Frankish realm. The civil 

 wars of the time were constantly at 

 his doors, but he seems to -have 

 been equal to most emergencies. 

 He died, Nov. 17, 594. Gregory 

 wrote in Latin several works, but 

 only his History of the Franks is of 

 any importance. The early part of 

 this is mainly legend and tradition, 

 but for the 6th century, when 

 the author narrates contemporary 

 or nearly contemporary events, 

 it is perhaps the most valuable 

 authority extant. 



Gregory. Name of 16 popes. 

 Gregory III, pope 731-41, was a 

 Syrian whose reign was troubled by 

 Lombard invasions. Gregory IV, a 

 Roman pope, 827-44, was involved 

 in the feuds of the Frankish em- 

 peror, Louis the Pious. 



Gregory V, pope 996-99, the 

 nominee of his cousin, the emperor 

 Otto III, was the first German 

 pope. Gregory VI received the pa- 

 pacy from his godson, the youthful 

 profligate pope, Benedict IX, April, 

 1045, in exchange for a large sum of 

 money. Benedict subsequently re- 

 gretted his resignation, an anti- 

 pope Sylvester III put in a claim, 

 and the Roman clergy appealed to 

 the German king, Henry III, to es- 

 tablish order. Benedict and Syl- 

 vester were banished, and a synod 

 at Sutri, Dec. 1046, declared that 

 Gregory had become pope through 

 simony. Henry then arranged that 

 a German, Clement II, should be 

 elected pope, and Gregory resigned. 

 He died in Germany early in 1048. 

 Gregory I CALLED THE GREAT 

 (c. 540-604). Pope 590-604. Born 

 at Rome, he was the son of Gordi- 

 an us, a Rom an 

 patrician. 

 About 574 he 

 threw up a 

 promising 

 worldly career 

 he held the 

 office of pre- 

 fect of the 

 city the pre- 

 vious year 

 to become a 

 monk. His family estates in Sicily 

 were given up for the foundation 

 of monasteries, and his home on 

 the Caelian Hill \\ as converted into 

 a religious house dedicated to S. 

 Andrew, where Gregory lived in 

 retirement for some years. 

 1 In 678 Pope Pelagius II ordained 



Gregory the Great, 

 Pope, 590-604 



