GREGORY XI 



GREGORY 



Gregory XI, 

 Pope, 1370-78 



Cornwall, and loyally supported 

 their choice against rival claimants. 

 In the interests of reform he sum- 

 moned a General Council which 

 met at Lyons, May, 1274, where he 

 promulgated the new law of the 

 Church for papal elections. 



But the passion of Gregory's life 

 was for the Holy Land and the 

 kingdom of Jerusalem then totter- 

 ing to its fall. His death (Jan. 

 10, 1276) put an end to his prepara- 

 tions for a fresh crusade and dis- 

 solved the new reunion of East 

 and West. He received local ven- 

 eration as a saint in Italy, where 

 his feast is kept on Feb. 16. 



Gregory XI (1331-78). Pope 

 1370-78. His name was Pierre 

 Roger de Beaufort, and he was 

 created a car- 

 dinal at the age 

 of eighteen by 

 his uncle, Cle- 

 ment VI. On 

 Dec. 30, 1370, 

 he was elected 

 pope. The 

 seventh in suc- 

 cession of the 

 Avignon popes, 

 the most mem- 

 orable act of his pontificate was the 

 re -transference of the see to Italy. 

 Beginning with plans for reform 

 and reconciliation, he was forced 

 to concentrate his efforts on quell- 

 ing the rebellion of his own sub- 

 jects. When Gregory laid Florence 

 under a ban, the citizens sent S. 

 Catherine of Siena to Avignon to 

 intercede for them (June, 1376). 

 She failed in her embassy, but in- 

 duced the pope to return to Rome. 

 Contrary to the advice of his court 

 Gregory sailed for Italy, and made 

 his formal entry into Rome, Jan. 

 17, 1377, thus ending the 70 years' 

 exile. He died March 27, 1378. 



Gregory XII (c. 1327-1417). 

 Pope 1406-15. Angelo Corraro, 

 or Correr, who as Gregory XII was 

 recognized a s 

 rightful pope 

 during the 

 Great Schism 

 (1378-14 17). 

 was b o r n at 

 Venice of a no- 

 ble family, be- 

 came bishop of 

 C a s t e 1 1 o in 



1 380, and in Gregory XII, 

 1405 cardinal. Pope, 1406-15 - 

 He was elected to the papacy in 

 succession to Innocent VII in 1406. 

 Before the election each cardinal 

 vowed that in the event of his own 

 election he would abdicate his right 

 provided that the anti-pope Bene- 

 dict XIII would do the same. 



The proposal to do this immedi- 

 ately after the election fell through, 

 and subsequently the pope pro- 



ceeded to make cardinals of the 

 members of his own family, con- 

 trary to his promise to the conclave.. 

 The Council of Constance (1414- 

 18) declared the deposition of all 

 anti-popes and received Gregory's 

 abdication, conferring on him the 

 bishopric of Porta, which he held 

 up to his death, Oct. 18, 1417. 



Gregory XIII ( 1 502-85 ) . Po pe 

 1 572-85. Ugo Buoncompagno was 

 born Jan. 7, 1502, at Bologna, at 

 the university 

 of which he 

 studied and 

 taught. Com- 

 ing to Rome in 

 1539, he was 

 employed suc- 

 cessively by 

 Paul III, Ju- 

 lius III, Paul 

 IV, and Pius 

 IV. He was 

 sent by Pius IV, in 1559, in a confi- 

 dential capacity to the Council of 

 Trent, where he remained until it 

 closed in 1563, and the following 

 year was made cardinal. He was 

 elected pope on the death of 

 Pius V. 



Faced with the loss to the 

 Church of whole nations through 

 Protestantism, Gregory sought a 

 remedy in the building and en- 

 dowing of colleges and seminaries 

 for the training of propagandists 

 and candidates for the ministry. 

 Among the foundations built or 

 endowed by him was the Jesuit 

 College, Rome, an Order on which 

 Gregory relied for missionary work 

 in China, Japan, and India. An 

 order was given by him for a Te 

 Deum to be sung in Rome in cele- 

 bration of S. Bartholomew's Day. 



The most memorable act of his 

 pontificate was his reform of the 

 Julian calendar (see Calendar). 

 Gregory's method of replenishing 

 his treasury, depleted by his build- 

 ing schemes, by confiscating old 

 properties the titles to which he 

 claimed as lapsed, involved him in 

 much trouble with his subjects. 

 He died April 10, 1585. 



Gregory XIV (1535-91 ). Pope 

 1590-91. The son of a Milanese 

 senator, Niccolo Sfondrati, he was 

 born Feb. 11, 1535, and educated 

 at the universities of Perugia and 

 Padua. In 1560 he was made 

 bishop of Cremona, and cardinal 

 in 1583. Elected pope in succession 

 to Urban VII, by the advice of 

 Philip II of Spain he joined the 

 league against Henry IV of 

 France. He died Oct. 15, 1591. 



Gregory XV (1554-1623). Pope 

 1621-23. Alessandro Ludoyisi was 

 born at Bologna, studied at Rome 

 under the Jesuits, and graduated 

 at the university of his native city. 

 Returning to Rome, he was ap- 



pointed to various offices by suc- 

 cessive popes, was made arch- 

 bishop of Bologna in 1612 and 

 cardinal in 

 1616 by Paul 

 V, whom he 

 succeeded a s 

 pe in 1621. 

 is pontificate 

 was responsible 

 for two decrees 

 of importance, 

 the first estab- 

 lishing a regu- 



in! 



lar mode and 



Gregory XV, 

 Pope, 1621-2! 



ritual in the conduct of papal 

 elections, the second constituting 

 a special and permanent congrega- 

 tion for the control of foreign 

 missions. He died at Rome, July 

 8, 1623. 



Gregory XVI (1765-1846). 

 Pope 1831-46. Mauro, or Bartolom- 

 rneo Alberto Cappellari, born at 



Belluno inVen- 



etia, Sept. 8, 

 1765, entered a 

 Camaldolese 

 monastery and 

 became a 

 priest. Sent to 

 Rome, in 1800 

 he was made 

 abbot of San 

 Gregorioonthe 

 Coelian Hill. 

 Forced during the Napoleonic 

 troubles to retire from Rome, he 

 returned thither 011 the fall of the 

 emperor. In 1825 he was created 

 cardinal. 



His election to the papacy, 

 Feb. 2, 1831, in succession to Pius 

 VIII was the signal for an out- 

 break of revolution ill the papal 

 states which was only kept in 

 check with the assistance of armed 

 force from Austria. Gregory was 

 wholly opposed to any measure of 

 democratic control, and the Ency- 

 clical of 1832, rejecting the appeal 

 of Lamennaifl, Lacordaire, and 

 Montalembert, showed him equally 

 unsympathetic to political libera- 

 tion. He died June 9, 1846. 



Gregory, 

 AUGUSTA, 

 LADY. Irish 

 writer. The 

 youngest 

 daughter of 

 Dudley Persse 

 of Rox borough, 

 co. Galway,sho 

 married Sir 

 William Greg- 

 ory, M.P. (d. 

 1892). Lady 

 Gregory was an enthusiastic pro- 

 moter of the Irish literary revival, 

 and won a place among the play- 

 wrights of her time. Cuchulain 

 of Muirtemne, 1902, and Gods and 

 Fighting Men, 1904, are very 



Scresford 



