GRENADIER 



filled with gunpowder and generally 

 made of earthenware, afterwards 

 of brass. The fuses were very 

 primitive and uncertain. In the 

 17th century the fuse problem 

 was fairly well solved. This de- 

 velopment reached its zenith to- 

 wards the end of the 18th century, 

 after which grenades fell into disuse 

 until the Russo-Japanese /War, 

 when there was a revival. The 

 Great War brought the weapon into 

 prominence again, many varieties 

 being introduced, and leading to 

 the use of the trench howitzer. See 

 Ammunition ; Battye Grenade; Be- 

 sozzi Grenade; Bomb; Egg Gren- 

 ade; Hand Grenade; Rifle Gren- 

 ade ; Stick Grenade ; Stokes Gun. 



Grenadier. Literally, a soldier 

 who throws a grenade. They ap- 

 peared first in the 17th century, the 

 early custom being for each regi- 

 ment to have its company of 

 grenadiers. The French led the 

 way, their example being soon 

 followed in England and else- 

 where; in England soon after the 

 formation of the standing army 

 each battalion had its grenadier 

 company. The grenadiers were 

 picked men, and this company 

 was usually regarded as the lead- 

 ing one in a regiment, taking the 

 place of honour on parade. 



The next step was to form 

 these companies into battalions. 

 This was done in France and 

 Prussia more than it was in Eng- 

 land, and from it arose the regi- 

 ments that now bear the name. 

 After a time the grenade fell into 

 disuse, and soon after 1850 grena- 

 dier companies ceased to exist in 

 the British regiments. The grena- 

 dier's special head-dress was a 

 pointed cap of embroidered cloth, 

 having peaks and flaps ; or a loose 

 fur cap similar in shape. 



In 1915 some controversy was 

 aroused by a proposal to give all 

 bomb-throwers in all regiments the 

 title of grenadiers. The regiment 

 protested, and the matter was re- 

 ferred to King George V, with the 

 result that by an army order of 

 March, 1916, it was stated that 

 " The term ' grenadier ' will no 

 longer be applied to men trained 

 or employed in the use of hand- 

 grenades. Such men will in future 

 be designated ' bombers.' " See 

 Trench Warfare. 



Grenadier Guards, THE. Regi- 

 ment of the British army. Raised 

 in 1660 by Colonel Russell, it be- 

 came the bodyguard of Charles 

 II. The premier, though not the 

 oldest, regiment of the Foot Guards, 

 the Grenadier Guards have had a 

 distinguished history. They fought 

 under William of Orange, and were 

 engaged in the four great victories 

 of Marlborough, who was at one 



3697 



time their colonel. They greatly 

 increased their reputation at Fon- 

 tenoy, and two of their battalions 

 were with Sir 

 John Moore in 

 the retreat from 

 Corunna, while 

 another suffered 

 terrible losses in 

 the battle of 

 B a r o s s a. Two 

 battalions of the 

 Grenadiers lost Grenadier Guards 

 over 1 ,000 men at badge 



Quatre Bras and Waterloo. After 

 the latter battle the Prince Regent 

 bestowed upon them the title of the 

 first or Grenadier Regiment of 

 Foot Guards. Later distinguished 

 services include the campaigns of 

 the Crimea, 

 Egypt, and S. 

 Africa. 



In the Great 

 War the Grena- 

 dier Guards had 

 four battalions 

 in the field in 

 France, which 

 at first were in 

 different b r i - 

 gades and, for a 

 | time, in dif- 

 ferent divisions. 

 In Sept., 1915, 

 the battalions 

 I were brought 

 i together and 

 I their history 

 I was thenceforth 

 I that of the 

 I Guards Divi- 

 I sion. 



I During four 

 \ years of war the 

 | regiment s u s - 

 Grenadier Guards, tained in casual- 

 Private in parade ties 11,915 

 uniform officers and 



men, made up as follows : officers, 

 203 killed, 242 wounded, 2 missing ; 

 men, 4,508 killed, 6,939 wounded, 

 2 1 missing. Seven V. C. 's were won 

 by the regiment. 



With the Scots and Coldstream 

 Guards the Grenadiers have the 

 privilege of guarding the royal 

 palaces and the Bank of England 

 and marching through the City of 

 London with fixed bayonets. See 

 Army : colour plate ; consult The 

 Grenadier Guards in the Great War 

 of 1914-18, Sir F. Ponsonby, 1920. 

 Grenadines. Cluster of small 

 islands and islets in the Caribbean 

 Sea, belonging to Gt. Britain. 

 They lie between St. Vincent and 

 Grenada in the W. Indies. Appor- 

 tioned administratively between 

 St. Vincent and Grenada, the 

 largest is Carriacon, which is 

 attached to Grenada, and con- 

 tains most of the population. 

 Cattle raising and cotton growing 



1st Baron Grenf ell, 

 British soldier 



Russell 



GRENFELL 



are the principal occupations. 

 Only three of the islands are 

 inhabited, but the soil is fertile. 

 Area, 14 sq. m. Pop. 6,886. 



Grenfell. Town of New South 

 Wales, in Forbes co. It stands in a 

 plain E. of Mt. Berabidgal, 180 m. 

 due W. of Sydney. Pop. 1,050. 



Grenfell. Town of New South 

 Wales, Australia, in Mounteagle 

 co. It is the terminus of a branch 

 line from Koorowatba on the main 

 line from Sydney to Melbourne. 

 It stands 286 m. W.S.W. of Syd- 

 ney, on the western slopes of the 

 mountains from Gundagai through 

 Forbes to Narromine. Pop. 3,007. 

 Grenfell, FRANCIS WALLACE 

 GRENFELL, 1st BARON (1841-1925). 

 British soldier. Born April 29, 1 841 , 

 he was the son 

 of Pascoe St. L. 

 Grenfell, and 

 entered the 

 60th Rifles in 

 1859. In 1878 

 he served in the 

 Kaffir War; in 

 1879 in the Zulu 

 War, and i n 

 1881-82 in the 

 Transvaal. His 

 connexion with 

 Egypt began in 1882; in 1884 he 

 was with the force that went up 

 the Nile, and in 1885 he was made 

 sirdar of the Egyptian army. In 

 1886 he commanded the frontier 

 field force at Ginnis, and in 1888- 

 89 the expedition that fought at 

 Suakin and Toski. From 1 894-97 he 

 was inspector-general of auxiliary 

 forces at home. In 1897-98 he 

 commanded the British troops in 

 Egypt, and from 1899-1903 was 

 governor and commander-in-chief 

 at Malta. He commanded the 4th 

 Army Corps 1903-4, and was com- 

 mander-in-chief in Ireland 1904-8. 

 In 1886 Grenfell was knighted. 

 Made a baron 1902 and in 1908 a 

 field-marshal, he died Jan, 27, 1925. 

 Grenfell, BERNARD PYNE (b. 

 1869). British archaeologist. Born 

 at Birmingham, Dec. 16, 1869, and 

 educated at Clifton College and 

 Queen's College, Oxford, he began 

 exploration work in Egypt in 1894. 

 In company with A. S. Hunt he 

 discovered a t 

 Behnesa in 

 1896-97 and 

 1905-6 im- 

 mense hoards 

 of Oxyrhyn- 

 chus papyri. 

 He was a p- 

 pointed profes- 



sor of papyro- 



Bernard P. Grenfell, logy at Oxford 

 British archaeologist in 1908, and 

 Busseii made honorary 



professor in 1916. Grenfell and 

 Hunt have published jointly papyri 



