GRIGORESCU 



1871, and was appointed city 

 counsel to Paterson, New Jersey. 

 Member of the New Jersey as- 

 sembly (1876-77) and senate (1882- 

 88), he was president of the latter 

 in 1886, and was governor of the 

 state 189598, when he resigned on 

 his appointment as attorney- 

 general in McKinley's cabinet. On 

 his resignation in 1901 he was ap- 

 pointed a member of the court of 

 arbitration at The Hague. . 



Grigorescu, NICOLAS (1838- 

 1907). Rumanian painter. Born 

 at Vacareshti-Restoaca, Rumania, 

 May 15, 1838, the son of an agricul- 

 tural labourer, he was saving his 

 wages as a painter of icons to enable 

 him to study in Paris, but was per- 

 suaded to remain in his native land 

 to produce pictures for churches 

 and monasteries. But the call to 

 Paris proved irresistible, and in 

 1861 he was received into the con- 

 genial society of the Barbizon 

 school. The forest scenery pro- 

 vided many themes for his brush, 

 and his Sunset at Barbizon now 

 in the Simu Museum at Bukarest 

 ranks as his masterpiece in land- 

 scape. Returning to Rumania, he 

 was captivated by the manners of 

 the gypsies, Jews, and shepherds of 

 the Danubian states, and incidents 

 in their lives inspired several of his 

 best pictures. 



In 1870 he again made his home 

 in France, but in 1877 he hastened 

 to bear his part in the campaign 

 against the Turks, of which he left 

 a magnificent memorial in his 

 Attack at Smardan, purchased by 

 the government for the town hall 

 of Bukarest. Portraiture also at- 

 tracted him, and his portraits of 

 his king and queen (" Carmen 

 Sylva " ) are among his most bril- 

 liant works. He died at Campina, 

 in Rumania, July 21, 1907, univer- 

 sally regarded as the greatest 

 painter his country had produ?ed. 



Grigoriev, VASILI VASII.IEVITOH 

 (1816-82). Russian Oiicntalist 

 and numismatist. Born at St. 

 Petersburg, March 15, 1816, he 

 studied Oriental languages at its 

 university and was appointed pro- 

 fessor of Persian. He proceeded in 

 1838 to Odessa, where he founded 

 an historical and antiquarian so- 

 ciety. He became governor-general 

 of Orenburg, 1852, and professor of 

 Oriental history at St. Petersburg, 

 1862-78. Among his numerous 

 works are History of the Mongols, 

 1846 ; Description of the Khanate 

 of Khiva, 1861 ; Kabulistan and 

 Kafiristan, 1867 ; The Scythian 

 Nation, 1871 ; Russia in Asia, 

 1876. He died at St. Petersburg, 

 Jan. 2, 1882. 



Grigorovitch, DMITRI VAST 

 LIEVITCH (1822-1900). Russian 

 novelist. More or less inspired by 



3706 



George Sand, he began with The 

 Village, 1846, a series of remark- 

 able stories rendering with great 

 faithfulness the conditions of the 

 peasantry under the system of 

 serfdom. Other of his works were 

 Anthony the Unlucky, 1848 ; The 

 Valley of Smiedov ; The* Fishers, 

 1853; and The Colonists, 1855. 

 His stories, though lacking in 

 literary skill, possess a lasting value 

 as ethnographical studies. 



Grijalva. River of S.E. Mexico. 

 Named after its discoverer, Juan de 

 Grijalva, the Spanish explorer, it 

 rises in Guatemala, and flows 300 

 m. W., N.W., and N. to the Gulf of 

 Campeachy near the Bay of Tu- 

 pilco. For a part of its course it 

 forms the boundary between the 

 states of Chiapas and Tabasco. It 

 is navigable for about 50 m. 



Grile, DOD. Pen-name adopted 

 for his earlier writings by the Ameri- 

 can author Ambrose Bierce (q.v. ). 



Grill (Fr. gritter, to boil). Uten- 

 sil for broiling meat over a fire, a 

 form of gridiron. The grill-room 

 in restaurants is the room where 

 such broiling is actually done. See 

 Cookery. 



Grille. French word meaning 

 literally a grating of metal or 

 wood, used to 

 screen a window or 

 other aperture. 

 The close iron grat- 

 ing in prison cells 

 through which 

 prisoners converse, 

 without being able 

 to come into per- 

 sonal contact with 

 their visitors, is 

 called a grille. The 

 grille was the name 

 given to the barrier 

 behind which lady 



GRILLPARZER 



visitors heard debates in the 

 House of Commons. This was 

 removed in 1918. Tombs are often 

 protected by grilles. A beautiful 

 example is the one surrounding 

 Queen Eleanor's tomb in West- 

 minster Abbey. 



Grillparzer, FRANZ (1791- 

 1872). Austrian dramatist. He 

 was born in Vienna } Jan. 14, 1791, 

 and after 

 studying law 

 entered the 

 Austrian civil 

 service in 181 3, 

 remaining i n 

 it until he re- 

 tired with a 

 pension in 

 1856. At the 

 age of 25 he 

 made his first 

 great dramatic 

 hit with Die Ahnfrau (The Ances- 

 tress), a ghost tragedy that made 

 him famous. It was followed by a 

 succession of pieces that made the 

 author's name the most notable in 

 Austrian literature. His other early 

 plays included Sappho, 1819 

 (several Eng. trans.) ; a trilogy on 

 Das Goldene Vliess (The Golden 

 Fleece), 1821 ; andKonig Ottokar, 



I Franz Grillparzer, 

 Austrian dramatist 



Grille. Former grille of Ladies' Gallery 



in House of Commons. Top, right, 



grille around the tomb of Queen 



Eleanor in Westminster Abbey 



1825, an historical play on a 13th 

 century king of Bohemia. 



In 1826 Grillparzer visited Goethe 

 at Weimar. In 1828 came another 

 historical play, Ein treuer Diener 

 seines Herrn (A Faithful Servant); 

 then came DOS Meeres und der 

 Lie be Wellen (The Waves of the 

 Sea and of Love), 1831, the story 

 of Hero and Leander; and Der 

 Traum ein Leben (The Dream, a 

 Life), 1835; these two plays were 

 long leading favourites on the 

 German stage. In 1838 his comedy 

 Weh dem der liigt (Woe to Him 

 Who Lies) proved a failure and 

 disheartened the author. *> He had 

 earlier published a volume of poems 

 and on Jan. 21, 1848, produced his 

 chief prose story, Der arme Spiel- 

 mann (The Poor Fiddler). He died 

 in Vienna, Jan. 21, 1872, leaving 

 three unacted plays, Die Jtidin von 



