GRIMALDI 



37O7 



GRIMSBY 



Toledo (The Jewess of Toledo) ; 

 Ein Bruderzwist im Hause Habs- 

 burg (A Brother's Quarrel in the 

 House of Habsburg); andLibussa, 

 a fine drama on the queen-founder 

 of Prague. His collected works 

 were published in 20 vols., at 

 Stuttgart, 1892-94, and in 1890 

 a Grillparzer Society was founded 

 in Vienna. See F. Grillparzer and 

 the Austrian Drama, G. Pollak, 

 1907. 



Grimaldi. JOSEPH (1779-1837). 

 English clown. Born in London, 

 Dec. 18, 1779, and belonging to a 



// // / ' I ! \ \ 

 Joseph Grimaldi the clown, in Harle- 

 quin and Friar Bacon 



From a sketch by G. Cruikihank 



family of clowns and dancers, he 

 danced at Drury Lane and Sadler's 

 Wells when quite an infant, and 

 made his greatest success in the 

 pantomime of Mother Goose at 

 Co vent Garden in 1806. His sing- 

 ing of such ditties as Tippety- 

 Witchet and Hot Codlins aroused 

 great enthusiasm. He died in Lon- 

 don, May 31, 1837. See Memoirs 

 of J. G., ed. Charles Dickens, 1838. 

 Grime's Graves. Flint mines 

 of the stone age at Weeting, Nor- 

 folk, which in 1870 Canon Green- 

 well, their explorer, claimed as 

 neolithic. Within 20 acres there 

 are 254 pits, 20 ft. to 60 ft. across, 

 and 40 ft. deep, often with lateral 

 tunnels. Red-deer antlers were 

 used as picks, chalk cups as lamps. 

 The older idea was that they were 

 the remains of a British village. 

 They were systematically re-ex- 

 amined in 1919. 



Grimm, JAKOB LTJDWIG KARL 

 (1785-1863). German philologist 

 and folk-lorist. Born Jan. 4, 1785, at 

 Hanau in Hesse-Cassel, he studied 

 law at Marburg, visited Paris in 

 1805, and in 1808 became librarian 

 to Jerome Bonaparte at Cassel. His 

 first book, on the Meistersingers, 

 1811, was followed in 1812 by the 



first collection of Kinder- und Haus- 

 marchen, made by him and his 

 brother, and continued in 1814 and 

 1822. These 

 tales, trans- 

 lated into 

 many lan- 

 guages, in 

 English as 

 Grim m's 

 Fairy Tales, 

 have immor- 

 talised the 



In 1829 Jakob went to Gottingen 

 as librarian and lecturer, accom- 

 panied by his brother, but political 

 changes led to their dismissal. In 

 1840 both were invited to profes- 

 sorships in Berlin. Jakob's most 

 important works are Deutsche 

 Grammatik, 1819, and Geschichte 

 der deutschen 

 Sprache, 1848, 

 which revolu- 

 tionised the 

 study of Teu- 

 tonic philo- 

 logy; Deutsche 

 Reichsalter- 

 thiimer, Ger- 

 man legal An- 

 tiquities, 1828; 

 Deutsche 

 thologie, 

 En: 



uities, iozo; fa 

 utsche My- (T/- 

 logie, 1835, /[ 



ig. trans. // 



?9-88. The (/ 



brothers began 

 a German Dic- 

 t i o n a r y and 

 edited many 

 old German 

 classics. Jakob died, Sept. 20, 1863. 



His younger brother, Wilhelm 

 Karl (1786-1859), born at Hanau 

 Feb. 24, 1786, after holding a post 

 in the Cassel library, became sub- 

 librarian at Gottingen in 1830, and 

 professor at Berlin in 1840. His 

 whole life was the counterpart of 

 his brother's. His chief indepen- 

 dent work was Die deutsche Hel- 

 densage (German Heroic Saga), 

 1829. He died Dec. 16, 1859. 

 See Cruikshank ; Philology. 



Grimma. Town of Saxony. It 

 stands on the Mulde, 19 m. from 

 Leipzig. It has a famous school, 

 the prince's school, with a free 

 library. In the castle here the 

 margraves of Meissen and their 

 successors, the electors of Saxony, 

 lived for several centuries. Other 

 buildings are the 15th century 

 town hall and several churches and 

 schools. The industries include 

 a trade in agricultural produce. 

 The town grew up around the castle, 

 and before the Reformation there 

 was a monastery here. Pop. 1 1 ,440. 



Grimmelshausen, HANS JAKOB 

 CHRISTOFFEL VON (c. 1625-76). Ger- 

 man author. Born at Gelnhausen, 



near Hanau, Prussia, he was carried 

 off at the age of ten by Hessian 

 troops, and led an adventurous life 

 with the army as camp follower and 

 soldier of fortune. After the con- 

 clusion of the Thirty Years' War in 

 1648, nothing is known of him until 

 1667, when he was chief magistrate 

 of Renchen, in the Black Forest. 



Two years later Grimmelshausen 

 published what has been described 

 as the one German prose classic of 

 the 17th century, The Adven- 

 turous Simplicissimus (Eng. trans. 

 1912). It is an extraordinary 

 medley of adventure and observa- 

 tion, largely based on its author's 

 own experiences. Occupying an 

 important place in the annals of 

 picaresque fiction, Simplicissimus 

 throws valuable light on the social 

 side of the Thirty Years' War, 

 while its closing chapters on 

 its hero's desert-island experiences 

 might have inspired Defoe's Robin- 

 son Crusoe. Grimmelshausen wrote 

 many other works under various 

 pseudonyms, mostly anagrams of 

 his name. 



Grimm's Law. In philology, 

 the name given to the regular 

 sound-shifting or consonantal inter- 

 change between (1) Sanskrit, 

 Greek and Latin ; (2) Low Ger- 

 man ; (3) High German. The rule 

 is that an aspirate in (1) corre- 

 sponds to a soft consonant in (2) 

 and to a hard consonant in (3) ; a 

 soft consonant in (1) corresponds 

 to a hard consonant in (2) and an 

 aspirate in (3) ; a hard consonant 

 in ( 1 ) corresponds to an aspirate in 

 (2) and to a soft consonant in (3) : 

 Greek thura, English door, German 

 Tor ; Greek ther, English deer, Ger- 

 man Tier ; Latin dens, English 

 tooth, German Zahn. 



Many apparent exceptions have 

 been explained by what are known 

 as Verner's and Grassmann's Laws, 

 and others will probably be found 

 to be the result of other phonetic 

 laws not yet discovered. Grimm's 

 Law takes its name from the philo- 

 logist, Jakob Grimm (q.v.), who 

 first definitely formulated it, al- 

 though the principle had already 

 been enunciated by a Danish 

 scholar, Rask. See Phonetics. 



Grimsby OR GREAT GRIMSBY. 

 County and mun. borough of Lin- 

 colnshire. It stands near the mouth 

 of the Humber, 



1 *^f ^ftl 15 m - from Hul1 

 I'SSB.AJWI and 155 from 

 London, and is 

 served by the 



Rlys. The chief 

 buildings are the 

 Grimsby arms par i s h church of 

 S. James, a 13th century building, 

 the town hall, exchange, and cus- 

 tom house. There is a 16th century 



