GRINDING 



3709 



GRISAILLE 



A favourite excursion centre, 

 both in summer and winter, many 

 hotels and shops have been built ^ 

 between the hamlet of Gydisdorn 

 and the station. A wooden church 

 was replaced by a stone one about 

 1180, which in turn was super- 

 seded by the present church, 

 erected in 1793. The valley lies 

 at an altitude of 3,410 ft. The in- 

 habitants are mostly German- 

 speaking Protestants. Pop. 3,468. 



Grinding. Term applied to the 

 sharpening of tools, cutlery, etc., 

 or the smoothing of any hard sub- 

 stance by rubbing away its sur- 

 face ; and also to crushing and 

 pulverising machinery. 



The grinding or sharpening of 

 tools, cutlery, etc., is carried out 

 on rapidly revolving power-driven 

 stones. In tool grinding the whole 

 operation is carried out mechani- 

 cally to ensure an accuracy of the 

 angles of the cutting edges of such 

 tools as drills, impossible with 

 hand-ground tools. Most of the 

 grinding is wet grinding, i.e. a 

 plentiful supply of water is used 

 with the emery or other stone. 

 Dry grinding is still used for point- 

 ing needles and prongs of forks, 

 finishing steel pens, etc. 



For smoothing purposes various 

 methods are used. In brass and 

 bell work powdered pumice stone 

 is used, while a sand blast is 

 used for cleaning, sharpening, 

 frosting, etc. The sand blast is 

 particularly useful for resharpening 

 worn files. For grinding glass 

 lenses and metal specula emery 

 powder is used ; and for jewels, 

 diamond dust. Plate glass is ground 

 flat by grinding two sheets of the 

 glass together with emery, sand, 

 or other suitable grinding material. 



Grinding is an essential opera- 

 tion in the extraction of many 

 metals from their ores, and in the 

 preparation of Portland cement, 

 corn, etc. The appliances range 

 from the primitive wooden mortar 

 and pestle to the elaborate roller 

 machines of the modern flour mill. 

 The machines used for reducing 

 rock to about 1 in. in size are 

 called breakers ; for the reduction 

 to fragments capable of passing 

 through a coarse mesh, crushers ; 

 and for reduction to powder form, 

 pulverisers. The latter machines 

 are often combined. See Milling. 



Gringo. Colloquial term em- 

 ployed in the Latin American 

 republics to designate a traveller 

 or settler of other European origin, 

 especially British or Anglo-Ameri- 

 can. Like Dago (q.v. ), it came into 

 general use in the '80s, and is appar- 

 ently a variant of Griego (Greek). 



Grinnell Land. Eastern por- 

 tion of Ellesmere Island, British 

 N. America. It is separated from 



Greenland by the Kennedy and 

 Robeson channels. The N. por- 

 tion of Ellesmere Island is called 

 Grant Land. Largely an ice- 

 covered, mountainous and deso- 

 late tract, it rises in Mt. Arthur to 

 nearly 5,000 ft. The valleys in 

 summer support musk oxen, wolves, 

 foxes, and grouse, and several kinds 

 of arctic plants. Discovered by 

 Hayes in the second Grinnell Ex- 

 pedition, in 1854, it was explored 

 by Greely in 1882. Near Lady 

 Franklin Bay, on the N.E., are 

 deposits of Tertiary coal, among 

 the most northerly known. 



Grinstead, EAST. Urban dist. 

 and market town of Sussex. It is 

 30 m. from London on the L.B. & 

 S.C. Rly. Its chief thoroughfare, 

 the High Street, contains some old 

 timber-built houses, and here is 

 Sackville College, an almshouse 



East Grinstead. High Street of the Sussex market town, 

 with Tudor timbered houses 



dating from 1608. There is a trade 

 in agricultural produce, while 

 bricks and tiles are manufactured. 

 Market day, Thurs. Pop. 7,100. 



Grinstead, WEST. Parish and 

 village of Sussex. It is 18 m. S-W. 

 of East Grinstead, on the L.B. & 

 S.C.R. Its parish church retains 

 part of the Norman structure. The 

 ruins of Knepp Castle are near the 

 village. In West Grinstead Park, 

 Pope composed The Rape of the 

 Lock. Pop. 1,620. 



Gripes. Painful spasms in the 

 intestines, most frequently due to 

 undigested food. See Colic. 



Griqualand East. N.E. district 

 of the Cape Province, S. Africa. It 

 was named from the Griquas, a 

 mixed race descended from Dutch 

 settlers and native women. It lies 

 S.E. of Basutoland and S.W. of 

 Natal, and was annexed to Cape 

 Colony in 1875. The chief village 

 is Kokstadt, named after a half- 

 breed Griqua chief, Adam Kok. A 

 treaty was made on Oct. 5, 1843, 

 with his younger son, Adam Kok 

 III, which caused trouble with the 

 Boers, and the dissatisfied farmers 

 left the district Area, 6,602 sq. m. 



Pop. 249,088, including 7,950 

 whites and 241,138 coloured. 



Griqualand West. District of 

 the Cape Province, S. Africa, north 

 of the Orange river. It was an- 

 nexed by Great Britain, Oct. 17, 

 1871, after an arbitration court had 

 declared the territory to be the 

 property of the chief Water-boer, 

 and not part of the Orange Free 

 State. Griqualand West was an- 

 nexed to the Cape in 1877, but not 

 actually incorporated until 1880. 

 The discovery of diamonds at Kim- 

 berley in 1867 attracted immi- 

 grants to this district. De Beers, 

 Belmont, Barkly West, and Griqua- 

 town are other important mining 

 centres. Area, 15,197 sq. m. 



Grisaille (Fr. gris, grey). Spe- 

 cies of grey colour obtained by 

 mixing black and white in varying 

 proportions. Grisaille is a valuable 

 _ medium for 

 m o n ochromes, 

 is common in 

 stained - glass 

 windows and 

 mural decora- 

 tion, and is used 

 freely, e.g. by 

 V r an Dyck, for 

 sketches. The 

 ancient Greek 

 painters, who 

 knew nothing 

 of chiaroscuro, 

 found grisaille 

 helpful in their 

 schemes of gra- 

 d a t i o n and 

 modelling, as it 

 enabled them 



to represent the appearance of 

 relief. Once employed by many 

 artists for blocking in their sub- 

 jects, Jean Baptiste Oudry con- 

 demned the practice, especially 

 when the intermixture of white was 



Griqualand East. Group of Griquas, 

 descendants of Dutch settlers and natives 



