GROCERS' COMPANY 



371 1 



GROLIER 



trade organization, several journals 

 devoted to their interests, and hold 

 annually an exhibition in London. 

 Grocers' Company. Second of 

 the 12 great livery companies of 

 the city of London. Its founders, 

 known as Pepper- 

 ers and Spicers, 

 met as a frater- 

 nity of S.Anthony 

 as early as 1345, 

 when they were 

 granted letters 

 patent of incor- 

 Grocers' Company poration by Ed- 

 arms war d in, which 

 were confirmed or added to by 12 

 later documents. It participated in 

 the Ulster colonisation scheme of 

 1613, but sold the property in 1872. 

 Nearly all its property in the city 

 was lost in the fire of 1666. Its 

 freemen and honorary members 

 have included Sir John Crosby, 

 Charles II, William III, George V, 

 when duke of York, the duke of 

 Edinburgh, Sir Philip Sidney, 1st 

 duke of Albemarle, William Pitt, 

 Canning, Sir Robert Peel, Lord 

 Roberts, Lord Salisbury, and A. 

 J. Balfour. 



Its first hall was built in Old 

 Jewry c. 1427, and served for some 

 time for the purposes of the Bank 

 of England. The existing biiilding 

 in the Poultry, E.G., was erected in 

 1798-1802 from designs by T. 

 Leverton, the entrance into Princes 

 Street being built in 1827. Notable 

 for its services to charity and good 

 learning, the company built a new 

 wing to the London Hospital in 

 1876, founded Oundle School, 

 Northants, and middle - class 

 schools at Hackney Downs in 

 1876. It has contributed largely 

 to the City and Guilds of London 

 Technical Institute, and estab- 

 lished scholarships for research in 

 sanitary science. Its corporate 

 income is estimated at 38,000, 

 and its trust income at 500. 

 See Some Account of the Grocers, 

 J. B. Heath, 1854. 



Grocyn, WILLIAM (c. 1446- 

 1519). English classical scholar. 

 He was born at Colerne. Wiltshire, 

 and educated at Winchester and 

 New College, Oxford, of which he 

 was fellow 1467-81. A friend of 

 Sir Thomas More, Thomas Linacre, 

 John Colet,. William Latimer, and 

 Erasmus, who called him his 

 patronus et praeceptor, he studied in 

 Italy, 1488-90, under Politian and 

 Chalcondyles, was a pioneer of the 

 New Learning, and among the first 

 publicly to teach Greek at Oxford. 

 While in Italy he made the 

 acquaintance of the printer Aldus 

 Manutfus (q.v,). He was divinity 

 reader at Magdalen College, 1481- 

 88, prebendary of Lincoln Cathe- 

 dral, held benefices at Newton 



Longueville, Deepdene, London 

 (S. Lawrence Jewry), Shepperton, 

 and East Peckham, and was 

 master of All Hallows, Maidstone, 

 where he was buried. A monument 

 has been raised to his memory in 

 the church at Newton Longueville. 

 See Oxford Historical Society's 

 Collectanea, ii, 1890. 



Grodek. Town of Poland, for- 

 " merly in Austrian Galicia. It is 

 12 m. W.S.W. of Lemberg, and 

 was prominent in the Great War 

 in the Austro-Russian campaigns 

 in Galicia. After their capture of 

 Lemberg, Sept. 3, 1914, the Rus- 

 sians advanced W., and from Sept. 

 6-13 heavy fighting took place 

 around Grodek, which fell to them 

 on Sept. 12. As the result of the 

 Austrian counter-offensive the Rus- 

 sians, in July, 1915, retreated from 

 Grodek to a position in front of 

 Lemberg. See Lemberg, Battles of. 

 Grodno. One of the districts E. 

 of the Baltic Sea, formerly a gov- 

 ernment in Russia. It is bounded 

 N., S., E., and W. by the govts. of 

 Vilna, Minsk, Volhynia, and Poland 

 respectively. Its area is 14,896 sq. 

 m. It is an immense plain, with 

 numerous lakes and marshes, 

 watered by the Bug, Niemen, and 

 Narev. The soil is generally barren, 

 but grain, flax, hemp, tobacco, and 

 fruit are cultivated. There are 

 cloth and tobacco factories, tan- 

 neries, and distilleries. In the 13th 

 century the district belonged to the 

 Lithuanians, then passed to the 

 Poles, and in 1796 was incorporated 

 with Russia. Pop. 2,094,300. 



Grodno. Chief town of the 

 district of the same name. It 

 stands on the Niemen and the 

 Petrograd- Warsaw railway, 160 m. 

 N.E. of Warsaw. There are cloth, 

 silk, tobacco, firearms, and ma-' 

 chinery factories, and considerable 

 trade is done in corn, timber, and 

 hemp. In the neighbourhood are 

 the mineral springs of Duskieniki. 

 Grodno was the residence of 

 Stephen Bathory in the 16th cen- 

 tury, and it was here that the par- 

 tition of Poland was signed in 1793. 

 In Feb., 1921, its possession was in 

 dispute between Poland and Lith- 

 uania. Pop. 61,600. tfeeN.V. 

 Grodno, CAPTURE OF. German 

 ' success in the Great War, Sept. 1- 

 ' 4, 1915. On Aug. 25 Brest-Litovsk 

 was in German hands, and on the 

 following day the Russians lost Bia- 

 lystok. Scholtz closed in on Grodno, 

 N.E. of which Eichhorn was nearing 

 Orany, reaching it on Aug. 31, and 

 rendering Grodno untenable. On 

 Sept. 1 the Germans, with whom 

 was Beseler's siege artillery, at- 

 tacked the fortifications on the W. 

 and N. They stormed the forts 

 on the W. side, and captured one 

 on the N. with its garrison ; later 



in the day they carried a fort still 

 farther N. 



Meanwhile, the main Russian 

 forces had been evacuating the 

 fortress, and on Sept. 2 it was 

 entered by the Germans, who 

 crossed the Niemen and got into 

 the town. To secure the retreat 

 of a considerable force that was 

 in danger of being surrounded, the 

 Russians developed a counter- 

 offensive on Sept. 3, re-entered 

 the town, and secured the desired 

 retirement of the threatened body. 

 On Sept. 4 the Germans were again 

 in full possession of the town. 

 The Russians retreated on Lida, 

 S. of Vilna, on the W. of which 

 Eichhorn was then making a 

 frontal attack while Scholtz, moving 

 on from Grodno, took Skidel on 

 Sept. 12, and advanced through 

 Mosty north-eastward, but failed 

 to cut them off. 



' Grog. Name applied by sailors 

 in the royal navy to their ration of 

 unadulterated rum. The word is 

 said to be derived from old Grog, 

 a nickname of Admiral Vernon, so 

 called from his coarse, or grogram 

 cloak. In the days of the four- 

 wheeled cabs, cabmen used to 

 drink rum mixed with hot water, 

 a slice of lemon, and a bit of sugar, 

 which they called grog. See Rum. 



Grogging. Name for an in- 

 genious evasion of excise dues. 

 Casks containing spirit absorb into 

 the wood in time an appreciable 

 quantity of spirit which can be 

 extracted by rinsing and other pro- 

 cesses. By the Finance Act of 1898 

 grogging and the possession of a 

 cask so treated, or of any spirit ob- 

 tained by the process, are offences 

 punishable by a fine of 50. 



Groin. In anatomy, the fold at 

 the junction of the abdomen and 

 the front of the thigh. 



Groin. In architecture, the 

 angle formed by the intersection of 

 arches or vaults. Groined vaulting 

 is so called to distinguish it from 

 barrel or other forms of arch con- 

 struction in which no such inter- 

 section takes place.. See Gothic 

 Architecture. 



Grolier, JEAK, VICOMTE D'AGUI- 

 SY (1479-1565). French book col- 

 lector. Born at Lyons, he entered 

 the French diplomatic service, and 

 was ambassador in Milan and 

 Rome. He began collecting books, 

 which he had splendidly bound and 

 generally lettered in Latin with the 

 legend " Jean Grolier and his 

 friends." In 1537, on his return to 

 France, he became treasurer under 

 Francis I. Ten years after his death 

 'his famous library, of about 3,000 

 volumes, was sold ; a number of 

 the books from it are in the Biblio- 

 theque Nationale, Paris, and some 

 in the British Museum. The 



