CROMWELL 



Grolier Club, New York, founded 

 in 1884 to encourage the applica- 

 tion of art to book production, was 

 named after him. See Bookbind- 

 ing ; consult also Recherches sur 

 Jean Grolier, A. J. V. le Roux cle 

 Lincy, 1866 ; Bookbindings, with 

 account of the Grolier Club, J. B. 

 Matthews, 1896. 



Gromwell (Lithospermum). Ge- 

 nus of annual and perennial herbs 

 and shrubs of the natural order 

 Boraginaceae. Natives of Europe, 

 temperate Asia, and N. America, 

 they have bristly or hairy, alternate 

 leaves, and funnel-shaped, white, 

 blue, or yellow flowers in clusters. 

 Common gromwell (L. officinale) 

 has greenish-yellow flowers ; in corn 

 gromwell (L. arvense), an annual, 

 they are creamy-white ; and in 

 purple gromwell (L. purpureo- 

 caeruleum) they are bright blue- 

 purple. 



Groner, GENERAL. German sol- 

 dier. Regarded as Germany's 

 greatest expert in rly. management 

 and supply, he 

 || was director of 

 field rlys. in 

 1916, and in 

 Oct. of that 

 year was placed 

 at the head of 

 the new man- 

 power and mu- 

 nitions dept. of 

 the war office. 

 He became 

 head of the war bureau of the Prus- 

 sian ministry of war, 1917 ; but 

 resigned in Aug., 1917, when he 

 was appointed to the command of 

 a division. He succeeded Luden- 

 dorff in Oct., 1918, as quarter- 

 master-general, and went to Na- 

 mur early in Nov. to conduct the 

 great German withdrawal. He was 

 prominent in the suppression of 

 the Spartacist risings in 1919, and 

 became minister of transport in 

 June, 1920. 



Groningen. N.E. prov. of the 

 Netherlands. It is bounded N. by 

 the North Sea, N.E. by the Dollart, 

 W. by Friesland, E. by Hanover, 

 and S. by Drenthe. Area, 881 sq. m. 

 The surface is flat, and swampy in 

 the S.E. district, where reclamation 

 is proceeding. There is good graz- 

 ing land in the N. The prov. is 

 mainly agricultural, though there 

 are industrial and shipping indus- 

 tries and coast fishing is carried on. 

 The few rivers are unimportant. 

 Groningen suffers from sea en- 

 croachment and has to be pro- 

 tected by a system of dykes and 

 embankments. The chief towns 

 are Groningen, the capital, Delfzyl, 

 Appingedam, and Winschoten. The 

 principal products are wheat, bar- 

 ley, oats, flour, potatoes, rye, and 

 oil seeds. Pop. 359,950. 



General Groner, 

 German soldier 



3712 



Groningen. Town of the 

 Netherlands, capital of the prov. of 

 Groningen. It stands at the junc- 

 tion of the Hunse r , 



with the Drent- 

 sche Aa, 32 m. by 

 rly. E. of Leeu- 

 wardein. Inter- 

 sected by numer- 

 ous canals, it has 

 wide streets 

 and gabled houses 

 of the 17th cen- 

 tury, and is surrounded by boule- 

 vards on the site of the ramparts. 

 Among the principal buildings are 

 the Gothic church of S. Martin, 

 dating mainly from the 13th and 

 16th centuries, with a lofty tower 

 and a fine organ ; the new uni- 



Groningen, Holland. Exterior of the 

 versity, opened in 1909, with five 

 faculties, 52 professors, and about 

 500 students ; a museum ; the 

 Stadhuis, restored in 1787 ; the 

 16th century law courts ; the 13th 

 century Gothic Aa-Kerk, restored 

 1500, to which a baroque tower 

 was added in 1712 ; and several 

 educational establishments. There 

 is a large market. 



Groningen is the most important 

 town in the N. Netherlands, and 

 carries on a large trade in grain and 

 rape seed. Its harbour is accessible 

 to small sea-going vessels. The 

 principal manufactures are textiles, 

 tobacco, cigars, mirrors, furniture, 

 machinery, and gold and silver ar- 

 ticles ; there are also large printing 

 and lithographic establishments. 

 Groningen is mentioned in history 

 as early as the 9th century, and 

 from the middle of the llth cen- 

 tury it was under the bishop of 

 Utrecht. A member of the Han- 

 seatic League from 1282, it was 

 taken by Prince Maurice of Orange 

 in 1594, and successfully withstood 

 a siege by Bishop Bernhard von 

 Galen of Minister in 1672. The for- 

 tifications were razed in 1874. 

 During the Great War there was 

 an internment camp here for mem- 

 bers of the British 1st naval brig- 

 ade, and Belgian troops who re- 

 treated into Dutch territory after 

 evacuating Antwerp, Oct., 1914. 

 Pop. 84,448. 



GROOM 



Gronov OR GRONOVIUS. Name 

 of a family of German classical 

 scholars and men of science, all 

 connected with Leiden. Johann 

 Friedrich (1611-71), a native of 

 Hamburg, became professor of his- 

 tory and eloquence at Deventer 

 and of Greek at Leiden. The 

 founder of the Dutch school of 

 Latinists, he edited a number of 

 Latin classics. His son Jakob 

 (1645-1716), professor of Greek 

 literature at Pisa and of belles- 

 lettres at Leiden, is best known by 

 his Thesaurus Antiquitatum Grae- 

 carum, a learned but undigested 

 mass of information on Greek anti- 

 quities. Jakob's son Abraham 

 (1695-1775) was librarian of Lei- 

 den, and edited various classical 

 r authors. Another 

 1 son, Johann 

 Friedrich (1690- 

 1760), was a well- 

 known botanist, 

 whose son,Lorenz 

 Theodor (1730- 

 77), was the au- 

 thor of works on 

 zoology, e s - 

 pecially ichthy- 

 ology. 



Groom (old 

 I Fr. gromet, boy). 

 ^M Term applied to 

 railway station a manservant in 

 charge of horses. In addition to 

 his stable duties, a groom is usually 

 expected to accompany his master 

 when riding. From its earlier and 

 more general use for any male at- 

 tendant, the word survives as the 

 title of certain officials in the lord 

 chamberlain's department of the 

 British royal household, whose 

 duties are to attend the sovereign. 

 The groom of the stole is next to 

 the vice-chamberlain and in charge 

 of the stole worn on state occa- 

 sions. His office only exists during 

 the reign of a king. There is a simi- 

 larly styled ap- 

 pointment i n 

 the queen con- 

 sort's house- 

 hold. 



Groom in 

 the word bride- 

 groom, applied 

 to a man about 

 to be, or re- 

 cently, mar- 

 ried, and to his 

 attendant, the 

 groomsman, is 

 derived from 

 the A.S. gutna 

 man, cognate 

 with the Lat. 

 homo, the "r" 

 having in- 

 truded as a re- 

 sult of confusion 

 with groom. 



Groom. Typical 

 English livery 



