GROSNAIA 



3714 



GROSSM1TH 



brother Scots that " a chiel's 

 amang ye takin' notes " He wrote 

 on Ancient Armour and Weapons, 

 1785-89 ; Military Antiquities, 

 1786-88 ; and Antiquities of Ire- 

 land, 1791-97. He died in Dublin, 

 June 12, 1791. 



Grosnaia OR GROZNY. Town of 

 Russia, in the Caucasus. It is in 

 the province of Terek, 60 m. N.E. 

 of Vladikavkaz, on the Sunzha. In 

 the neighbourhood are mineral 

 springs and naphtha beds. It has 

 lost its former military importance, 

 and is chiefly known for its 

 petroleum refineries. Pop. 34,060 



Gross. Numerical unit and 

 measure of quantity. It equals a 

 dozen dozen, i.e. 144, and is used 

 in reckoning many classes of goods. 

 A great gross is 12 gross, i.e. 1,728. 



Gross, SAMUEL DAVID (1805- 

 84). American surgeon. Born in 

 Pennsylvania, July 8, 1805, he 

 practised in Philadelphia, 1828-33, 

 and in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1833-40, 

 being then appointed to the chair 

 of surgery in Louisville, Kentucky. 

 In 1850 he was transferred to a 

 similar post in New York Univer- 

 sity, moving thence to the Jeffer- 

 son medical university, Phil- 

 adelphia, where he was professor 

 of surgery from 1856 until his 

 death, May 6, 1884. His works 

 include Diseases of the Bones and 

 Joints, 1830 ; Elements of Patho- 

 logical Anatomy, 1839 ; System of 

 Surgery, 6th ed. 1884. 



Grossenhain. Town of Ger- 

 many, in Saxony. It stands on the 

 Roder, 20 m. N.W. of Dresden, 

 and is a rly. junction for Frank- 

 fort-on-Oder, on the Berlin-Dres- 

 den line. It is a manufacturing 

 town with important cloth fac- 

 tories. Other industries are con- 

 nected with machinery, tobacco, 

 leather, and glass works. Grossen- 

 hain has been in many hands from 

 time to time, falling successively to 

 the Bohemians and the margraves 

 of Meissen and Brandenburg. 

 There was a battle here in 1813 

 between the French and the Rus- 

 sians. Pop. 12,217 



Grosseteste, ROBERT (c. 1175- 

 1253). English prelate and scholar. 

 Born of humble parentage at 

 Stradbroke, Suffolk, and educated 

 at Oxford, he became chancellor of 

 the university, and in 1224 the first 

 rector of the Franciscan school at 

 Oxford. In 1235 he was elected 

 bishop of Lincoln He at once set 

 himself to reform abuses in his 

 diocese, and became one of the most 

 resolute champions of the inde- 

 pendence of the clergy. In 1239 he 

 quarrelled with the Lincoln chap- 

 ter over his right oi visitation a 

 dispute which lasted six years, and 

 was eventually decided by the 

 pope in his favour. He was a pro- 



found Greek scholar, bringing 

 Greek books to England and mak- 

 ing Latin versions of them, and 

 was a skilled physicist and mathe- 

 matician. He died Oct. 9, 1253, 

 and is buried in Lincoln Cathedral. 

 See Life, F. S. Stevenson, 1899. 



Grosseto. Maritime prov. of 

 Central Italy, at the head of the 

 Tyrrhenian Sea. It is backed by a 

 branch of the Apennines, rising in 

 Mt. Amiata to 5,470 ft., and in- 

 cludes most of the Maremma. 

 Mostly barren and unhealthy, it 

 yields timber, quicksilver, and 

 Siena earths. The malarial marshes 

 of the ancient Lacus Prelius have 

 been reclaimed, and are now pas- 

 tureland. The chief rivers are the 

 Ombrone and the Albegna. The 

 island of Elba lies about 13m. off 

 the coast. The capital is Grosseto. 

 Pop. 155,774. Area, 1,735 sq. m. 



Grosseto. Town of Italy, capi- 

 tal of the prov. of Grosseto. It 

 stands near the Ombrone, 39 m. 

 S.S.W. of Siena. Its handsome 

 red-and-white marble cathedral, 

 begun late in the 13th century and 

 restored in 1855, and the 14th cen- 

 tury citadel betray Sienese in- 

 fluence. The Municipio holds a 

 rare collection of bronzes, cinerary 

 urns and vases, besides other Et- 

 ruscan relics. A few miles N.E. of 

 the city are the sulphur baths of 

 the ancient Rusellae, one of the 12 

 cities of the Etruscan League. Its 

 Cyclopean walls and ruins are still 

 extant, although the place was 

 deserted about 1150. 



The principal trade is in cattle, 

 cereals, horses, and machinery. 

 Farming implements are made. 

 Dating from the Middle Ages, the 

 bishop's see was transferred here 

 from Rusellae about 1138. In sum- 

 mer the official headquarters are 

 removed to Scansano, 20 m. to the 

 S.E. Malaria has seriously de- 

 populated the town. Pop. 12,442. 



Grossetti, PAUL (1864-1918). 

 French soldier. He entered the 

 army in 1883, and became a divi- 

 sional commander in 1914. He 

 took a prominent part, in the first 

 battle of the Marne, Sept. 9, 1914, 

 in which he saved the situation at 

 La Fere Champenoise and Monde - 

 mont. He helped to defeat the 

 Germans on the Yser in Oct., 1914, 

 and with his division rendered 

 valuable assistance to the British 

 at the first battle of Ypres He was 

 later promoted to command the 

 16th army corps, and saw service in 

 the campaign in Macedonia, 1917 

 He died in Paris, Jan. 7. 1918. 



Grosslichterfelde. Village oi 

 Prussia, Germany It is 5m. by rly. 

 S. by W ot Berlin, and is impor- 

 tant because it contains a cadet 

 school, which, previous to 1878. 

 .was located in Berlin 



Grossmith, GEORGE (1847- 

 1912). British actor and enter- 

 tainer. Born Dec. 9, 1847, the 

 eldest son of 

 George Gros- 

 smith, jour- 

 nalist, enter- 

 tainer, and lec- 

 turer, he be- 

 came asso- 

 ciated with his 

 father as re- 

 porter at Bow 

 Street 

 Police 

 Court. In 

 1870 he 

 became an entertainer, and in 1877 

 began his career as actor and 

 singer in Gilbert and Sullivan 

 opera by appearing in The Sor- 

 cerer at the Opera Comique, after- 

 wards taking a leading part in 

 eight more of these pieces at The 

 Savoy. In 1889 he resumed his 

 old career as entertainer, achieving 

 much success at the piano in 

 London, in the provinces, and in 

 the U.S.A. He died at Folkestone, 

 March 1, 1912. 



His son, George Grossmith, junr. 

 (b. 1874), made his first appearance 

 on the stage in Haste to the Wed- 

 ding, at The Criterion, July 27, 

 1892. From 1901-16 he appeared 

 in musical comedy at The Gaiety, 

 winning success as singer and 

 dancer. After a period of service 

 in the R.N.V.R., he resumed his 

 career as actor and theatrical 

 manager. In 1920 he was associ- 

 ated with Edward Laurillard in 

 the purchase of the Gaiety and 

 Adelphi theatres. 



Grossmith, WEEDON (1853- 

 1919). British artist and actor. 

 The brother of George Grossmith 

 (d. 1912), as a 

 young man he 

 studied in the 

 R.A. schools 

 and exhibited 

 at the R^A. 

 and Grosvenor 

 Gallery. In 

 'e5 he ap- 

 peared on the 

 stage at Liver- 

 po o 1, and 

 Russeii shortly after at 



New York, and made his first ap- 

 pearance in London at The Gaiety 

 in 1887. In 1891 he produced and 

 acted in A Pantomime Rehearsal, 

 which ran for two years. For the 

 remainder of his life Grossmith 

 maintained his success, which cul- 

 minated in his own play, The Night 

 of the Party, 1901. His last appear- 

 ance was in The Misleading Lady at 

 The Playhouse With his brother 

 George he wrote tor Punch The 

 Diary of a Nobody, 1892, repr. 

 with memoir of the brothers by 



Weedon Grossmith, 

 British actor 



