I 



GROUCHY 



37 17 



GROUPS 



Grouchy, EMMANUEL, MARQUIS 

 DE (1766-1847). French soldier. 

 Born in Paris, Sept. 5, 1766, he 

 m joined the Re- 

 fj volutionaries, 

 p^ -, | notwithstand- 



Bp ; ing his aristo- 

 I cratic birth, 

 -. m&r I and 



in suppressing 

 the royalist 

 rising in La 

 Vendee. He 

 Emmanuel, Marquis fought in Italy 

 de Grouchy, i n 179* an d, 



French soldier becoming one 



of Napoleon's most trusted leaders, 

 took part in the battles of Hohen- 

 linden, Friedland, and Wagram. He 

 served in the Russian campaign of 

 1812, and did good service in the 

 retreat after Leipzig in 1813. His 

 failure to appear with his division 

 on the field of Waterloo was said by 

 Napoleon to have lost the battle. 

 After Waterloo he was proscribed 

 and took refuge in the U.S.A., but 

 was permitted to return in 1819, 

 and in 1830 received again his old 

 style of marshal. He died at St. 

 Etienne, May 29, 1847. See Water- 

 loo, Campaign of. 



Ground Annual. In Scots law, 

 a payment charged upon certain 

 lands, something like the English 

 ground rent. It is paid on land 

 once the property of the Church, 

 such being the feu duties paid to 

 the lords of erection, the successors 

 of those who received the lands at 

 the Reformation. It is also used 

 for the annual payment made 

 sometimes by builders for the use 

 of land for building purposes. 



Ground Bass OR BASSO Os 

 TENATO. Short musical phrase re- 

 peated many times with varied 

 treatment. It is usually in the bass 

 part, but is sometimes transferred 

 to an upper part. The ground bass 

 has been used from the 17th cen- 

 tury to the present day, and fine 

 examples occur in Bach's well- 

 known Passacaglia ; in Purcell's 

 Chaconne in The Fairy Queen and 

 many of his vocal works ; in Han- 

 del's choruses Envy, eldest born of 

 hell (Saul), and To Song and Dance 

 (Samson). See Chaconne; Divisions. 



Ground Ice. Name given to 

 the natural phenomenon more 

 usually called Anchor Ice (q.v.). fc 



Ground Ivy (Nepeta hederacea). 

 Perennial prostrate herb of the 

 natural order Labiatae. It is a 

 native of Europe and N. and W. 

 Asia. The trailing stems are 2 ft. 

 or more in length, with opposite, 

 kidney-shaped leaves, round- 

 toothed at the edges. The tubular, 

 blue-purple flowers are produced in 

 whorls of from three to six at the 

 base of the leaf-stalks. It is no rela- 

 tion to the ivy (Hedera helix). The 



Ground Ivy. Foliage and flowers 



plant is bitter and aromatic, and 

 was formerly employed in brewing. 

 Ground Nut, PEA-NUT, MONKEY- 

 NUT, OR EARTH-NUT (Arachis liypo- 

 gaea). Annual herb of the natural 

 order Leguminosae. It is a native 

 of S. America and the W. Indies. 

 The leaves are broken up into four 

 oval leaflets, and the pea-like 

 flowers are yellow. After pollina- 

 tion the flower-stalk lengthens and 

 curves to the ground, in which it 

 buries the incipient fruit, which 

 there develops into the yellowish 

 wrinkled pods which contain two 

 seeds. These are of great value, 

 not only as a food, but as a source 

 of a liquid oil pressed from them. 

 It is used for lubricating watches 

 and other delicate machinery ; also 

 as a substitute for olive-oil, and 

 for burning. 



Ground Nut with, flower stalks length- 

 ened and burying fruits 



Ground Pigeon. Name used 

 for the pigeons classed in the sub- 

 family Peristerinae. The turtle 

 dove is a familiar example. They 

 are less arboreal in habit than 

 some of the other groups, and as a 

 rule have longer legs. 



Ground Rent. Name given to 

 the rent paid for the ground on 

 which a house or other building 

 stands, as distinct from that 

 paid for the building. Builders 

 and others often take land on lease, 

 paying usually a fixed annual sum 

 for a fixed term of years. If a 



man, having built on the land, i.e. 

 having improved it, lets it to an- 

 other at a higher price, it is known 

 as an improved ground rent. The 

 taxation of ground rents is fre- 

 quently called for, under a mis- 

 apprehension that they escape the 

 usual burdens. Income-tax is 

 paid upon them, and although the 

 ground landlord pays no part of 

 the rates, yet this consideration 

 affects the contract, the ground 

 landlord charging a lower price for 

 his land than he would do were he 

 assessed directly to the rates. See 

 Rent ; Single Tax. 



Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris). 

 Annual herb of the natural order 

 Compositae. A native of Europe 

 and N. Africa, it has succulent 



Groundsel. Stem with flower-heads 

 and leaves 



stems 1 ft. or 2 ft. in height, with 

 slender leaves cut into irregular 

 lobes and coarsely toothed. The 

 drooping flower-heads are yellow, 

 succeeded by a small globe of 

 fluffy, silky hairs which carry the 

 fruits everywhere. 



Ground Squirrel (Tamias).Pop- 

 ular name for the chipmunk (q.v.). 



Group Captain. Title of the 

 rank in the Royal Air Force equiva- 

 lent to that of a full colonel in the 

 army and captain in the navy. 



Groups, THEORY OF. Modern 

 development of higher algebra. It 

 deals with the transformation of 

 algebraic forms. The theory of 

 groups of substitutions was sug- 

 gested by E. Galois, a French 

 mathematician (1811-32) ; a new 

 theory of groups of substitution 



/*; 



Ground Pigeon. Turtledove, a 

 member of the sub-family 



