GROWING PAINS 



37 19 



GRUNDY 



takes the place of a carbon rod. 

 Like the Bunsen, the Grove cell 

 gives a high electromotive force and 

 has a low resistance ; but it has 

 also the same disadvantages, viz. 

 that noxious fumes are given off 

 and the cell has to be taken to 

 pieces after use. The use of plati- 

 num makes the first cost high. To 

 reduce this, porcelain coated with a 

 film of platinum has been used in- 

 stead of a plate of the metal. See 

 Bunsen Cell ; Cell, Voltaic and 

 Primary. 



Growing Pains. Popular name 

 for pains in the limbs complained 

 of by young children. Since pain 

 is never produced simply by 

 growth, the complaint of the child 

 should always be investigated, as 

 the symptom may be an indication 

 of acute rheumatism or other 

 serious affection. 



Growler. Slang term for a 

 four-wheeled cab. These vehicles 

 were colloquially distinguished 

 from the smarter and brisker han- 

 som cab by the terms growler and 

 crawler, from the surliness of the 

 drivers and the slowness of the 

 horses. Holding four persons and 

 designed to carry luggage, they 

 plied for hire mostly between rail- 

 way stations. See Cab. 



Growth. Gradual increase in 

 size or volume. The chief use of the 

 word is in connexion with organic 

 growth. The study of the growth 

 of animals and plants has provided 

 more fundamental theories of the 

 evolution of mankind than the 

 study of any other subject. Growth 

 is a physico-chemical process, and 

 here again its study has resulted 

 in great advances in chemical and 

 physical research. The various 

 aspects of organic growth are dealt 

 with in this Encyclopedia under 

 Biology; Cell ; Embryology; Physi- 

 ology; Plant, etc. 



In medicine the term is used in 

 such expressions as a malignant 

 growth, e.g. cancer, and for any 

 abnormal increase in any part of 

 the body, tumours, etc. In crys- 

 tallography crystals grow by con- 

 stant additions, in a definite way, 

 to their size, always, however, 

 retaining the same general shape. 



Groyne. Projection built out 

 to sea to obstruct the continuous 

 drift of shingle or sand. On sea 

 coasts where tidal currents prevail, 

 littoral drift occurs, i.e. a gradual 

 travel of shingle or sand along the 

 shore, with usually a preponder- 

 ating tendency in one direction. 

 This may result in a give-and-take 

 effect on straight stretches, or ac- 

 cording to the configuration of the 

 coast-line and other influencing 

 factors, it may result in certain 

 Jocalities being denuded of their 

 share of detritus and rendered 



more liable to erosion by the sea. 

 To check this action groynes are 

 projected from the shore, generally 

 down to about low-water mark, 

 against which detritus such as 

 shingle or sand heaps itself on one 

 side. Groynes are usually con- 

 structed of heavy timber planks 

 bolted to and supported by driven 

 piles and raking struts for resisting 

 the pressure of the heaped-up 

 mass. Sometimes they are built of 

 masonry. Local conditions must 

 be carefully studied, since unsuit- 

 able design or wrong setting of the 

 groynes may make matters worse 

 than before. See Breakwater. 



Grubber. Term loosely applied 

 to various forms of cultivator. By 

 it the ground is" deeply stirred, 

 without being turned over as it is 

 by ploughing. See Cultivator; Hoe. 



Grub Street. Old name of a 

 London thoroughfare in Cripple- 

 gate (q.v. ), E.G., running N.E. from 

 Fore Street to Chiswell Street, and 

 known since 1830 as Milton Street. 

 Described by Stow as having been 

 inhabited by bowyers, fletchers, 

 and bow-string makers, and sati- 

 rised by Pope and Swift as the 

 home of the poorest and most 

 helpless of literary drudges 

 whence the application of its name 

 to writers and literary efforts of a 

 mean character the thoroughfare 

 is to-day notable for its business 

 establishments. John Foxe, the 

 martyrologist, once lived in Grub 

 Street. See Modern Grub Street, 

 A. St. John Adcock, 1913. 



Gruel (late Lat. grutellum, meal). 

 A semi-liquid, easily digested food 

 made with oatmeal and milk, or 

 milk and water, in the proportions 

 of a tablespoonful of oatmeal to a 

 pint of milk. The milk is boiled, 

 and the oatmeal, previously mois- 

 tened with a little milk, is added 

 to it. It is stirred till it boils, and 

 then allowed to simmer for about 

 half an hour, when it is strained 

 and sweetened. 



Griin, ANASTASIUS. Name taken 

 by the Austrian poet Anton Alex- 

 ander, Count von Auersperg (q.v. ). 



Griinberg. Town of Germany, 

 in Silesia. It stands in a plain, 35 m. 

 by rly. N.W. of Glogau. It has tex- 

 tile industries and varied manufac- 

 tures, including machinery, leather, 

 and tobacco, and a large wine trade, 

 German champagne being made 

 from the yield of the vineyards in 

 the district. Pop. 23,168. 



Grundtvig, NIKOLAI FREDERIK 

 SEVERIN (1783-1872). Danish theo- 

 logian, historian, and poet. Born 

 Sept. 8, 1783, the son of the pastor 

 of Udby, Zealand, he was edu- 

 cated in Copenhagen. In 1821 he 

 was made pastor of Praestro in 

 Zealand and in 1822 chaplain of 

 S. Saviour's Church, Copenhagen. 



In 1825, in answer to a book by 

 Clausen, called Catholicism and Pro- 

 testantism, Grundtvig wrote his fa- 

 ., mous protest 

 against the 

 rationalistic 

 tendency o f 

 the day in The 

 Church's Re- 

 ply. Clausen 

 retaliated b y 

 expos ing 

 Gruridtvig's 

 u n orthodoxy, 

 and the con- 

 troversy 



Nikolai Frederik 



Grundtvig, 

 Danish theologian 



After C. A. Jensen 



e n- 



ded with the 

 latter's deprivation of his chaplaincy 

 in 1826. In 1839 he returned to 

 clerical work, and in 1861 he was 

 made bishop. He died Sept. 2, 1 872. 



He wrote. Northern Mythology, 

 1808; A Summary of Universal 

 History, 1812; Roskilda Rhymes 

 and Roskilda Saga, historical 

 poems, 1814; Songs, 1815; Nor- 

 thern Verses, 1838; and A Hand- 

 book of Universal History, 1833- 

 42. Grundtvig was famous as an 

 educational reformer. His system 

 of continuing the work of the 

 Danish Elementary Schools (Folks- 

 kola) in High Schools (Folkshogs- 

 kola) has borne wonderful fruit. 



Grundy, MRS. In Great Britain, 

 the personification of conventional 

 respectability. The name is taken 

 from Thomas Morton's comedy 

 Speed the Plough (1798), in which 

 one of the characters frequently 

 refers to Mrs. Grundy " What will. 

 Mrs. Grundy say ? "as the em- 

 bodiment of the social proprieties. 



Grundy, SYDNEY (1848-1914). 

 British dramatist. Born at Manches- 

 ter, March 23, 1848, and educated 

 at Owens Col- 

 lege, he was 

 called to the 

 bar and prac- 

 tised, 1869-76, 

 but was early 

 drawn to writ- 

 ing for the 

 stage. His 

 first play, A 

 Little Change 

 was produced 



at the Hay- 



market Theatre, 

 1872. He is chiefly associated 

 with skilful adaptations from the 

 French. The Bells of Haslemere 

 (with Henry Pettitt), 1887, and A 

 Pair of Spectacles (from Les Petits 

 Oiseaux of Labiche and Delacour), 

 1890, were extremely successful. 

 Others of his many pieces were 

 Sowing the Wind, 1893 ; A Bunch 

 of Violets, 1894 ; The Musketeers, 

 1899 ; The Garden of Lies, 1904 ; 

 Business is Business, 1905 ; The 

 Diplomatists, 1905 ; A Fearful Joy, 

 1908. He died July 4, 1914. 



