GRUR1E 



372O 



GUADALAVIAR 



Grurie. Wood of France, in the 

 dept. of Meuse, lying between 

 Vienne-le-Chateau and Varennes, 

 forming part of the Argonne forest. 

 Fighting continued here through- 

 out the Great War, beginning in 

 Nov., 1914, when the French re- 

 pelled fierce German attacks in the 

 wood, and ending in the great 

 Franco -American battles of the 

 autumn of 1918. See Argonne, 

 The Campaigns of 1914-18. 



Grus (Lat., crane). Southern 

 constellation, named by Dirck 

 Keyser. It is just south of Pisci? 

 Australis. See Constellation. 



Gruyere, LA. District of Switz- 

 erland, in the canton of Fribourg 

 A pastoral region, it lies in the 

 Saane valleyand is celebrated for its 

 cheese. The inhabitants are mostly 

 French-speaking and Roman Cath- 

 olic. The chief town is Bulle (pop. 

 3,400), with a 13th century castle, 

 but the historic capital is Gruyeres, 

 standing on a hill at an alt. of 

 2,713 ft., with a fine old castle of 

 the counts of Gruyeres, who be- 

 came extinct in the 16th century ; 

 it is restored, and contains frescoes 

 and old weapons. 



Guacharo OK OIL BIRD (Steat- 

 ornis caripensis). Remarkable 

 bird, native of the N. part of S. 



Guacharo. Specimen of the Trinidad 

 species 



America, related to the nightjars. 

 The size of a crow, a feeder on hard 

 nuts and fruits, it is entirely noc- 

 turnal, sleeping during the day in 

 dark caverns. Little is definitely 

 known about the nesting of the 

 birds, but the young are exten- 

 sively used as a food by the S. 

 American Indians, and also as a 

 source of oil. It is brownish grey in 

 general colour, and leaves its breed- 

 ing and sleeping caverns at night 

 with a loud clicking note. These 

 peculiar birds, which have become 

 objects of great interest to natural- 

 ists on account of their nocturnal 

 methods of feeding, are found in 

 Trinidad, Venezuela, and Ecuador. 

 Guaco. Name given by S. 

 American Indians to several plants, 

 but confined by naturalists to a 

 climbing Composite plant of the 

 order Eupatoriaceae. The plant is 

 remarkable for its supposed pro- 

 perty of making anyone who eats 

 its leaves immune from snake bites. 



Guadalajara, Mexico. 



The cathedral, built in the early 17th century, seen 

 from the south-west 



Guadalajara. Prov. of Central 

 Spain. It is bounded N. by the 

 prov. of Soria, S. by Cuenca, E. by 

 Zaragoza and Teruel, and W. by 

 Madrid. Mountainous in the N. and 

 E., its highest elevations rise nearly 

 7,000 ft. in the Guadarrama range 

 on the N. frontier ; elsewhere it is 

 an undulating plateau. The prov., 

 which is served by the Madrid- 

 Zaragoza Rly., is drained by the Ta- 

 gus and its tributaries, the Tajuna, 

 Jarama, Henares, and Guadiela. 



Silver and salt are worked, and 

 iron and lead exist ; but the chief 

 industries are sheep and goat rear- 

 ing and agriculture. Olive oil, wine, 

 silk, flax, and saffron are produced. 

 Area, 4,676 sq. m. Pop. 214,316. 



Guadalajara. Town of Spain, 

 capital of the prov. of Guadalajara. 

 It stands on the left bank of the 

 Henares, at an alt. of over 2,000 ft., 

 33 m. E.N.E. of Madrid, by the 

 Madrid-Zaragoza Rly. The chief 

 buildings are two 15th century 

 palaces, and the old Mendoza 

 palace, all dilapidated ; the church 

 of San Francisco,with a mausoleum, 

 or Pantheon, in which many of the 

 Mendoza family lie buried ; and a 

 16th century town hall. There are 

 besides a museum, a library, a 

 school for military engineering, a 

 few quaint churches, and a military 

 aerodrome. Woollen fabrics, soap- 

 and bricks are manufactured. 



Evidences of Roman activity in- 

 clude the foundations of a fine 

 stone bridge and of the aqueduct 

 across the' river. The Roman and 

 Visigothic Arriaca or Caraca, its 

 present name is derived from the 

 Moorish Wad-al-hajarah, or Valley 

 of Stones. Captured by the Moors 

 in 714, the town passed to Castile 

 in 1081 Pop 12,178. 



Guadalajara. City of Mexico, 

 the capital of the state of Jalisco. 

 Situated near the Rio Grande de 

 Santiago, at an alt. of 5,095 ft. 

 above sea level, it is 280 m. W.N. W. 

 of the city of Mexico, and is served 

 by a branch of the Mexican Central 

 rly. The city is planned on modern 

 lines, and is lit by electricity. The 

 see of a bishopric, its cathedral, com- 

 pleted in 1618, is one of the most 

 magnificent ecclesiastical structures 

 in the country and contains a 

 celebrated painting by Murillo. 

 Other buildings are the university, 

 the bishop's palace, the government 

 building, a public library contain- 

 ing nearly 30,000 volumes, an 

 academy of fine arts, and several 

 educational institutions. 



A considerable trade in the agri- 

 cultural produce of the district is 

 carried on, and the city has im- 

 portant steel, iron, and glass in- 

 dustries, besides manufactures of 

 cottons, woollens, flour, leather, 

 and art pottery. It has suffered 

 from several earthquakes. In 

 July, 1914, Guadalajara was sur- 

 rendered to the Constitutionalists 

 by the Federal forces. Pop. 1 1 9,468. 



Guadalaviar (Arab. Wad-el- 

 abyad, white river). River of E. 

 Spain. It rises in two headstreams 

 in the Sierra Albarracin and the 

 Sierra de Gudar, uniting at Teruel, 

 where it bends S. and then E.S.E., 

 to discharge its waters into the 

 Mediterranean 2 m. beyond Valen- 

 cia, after a course of about 150 m. 

 The right-hand stream, above 

 Teruel, is known as the Alfambra. 

 The Guadalaviar is noted for its 

 romantic scenery. Near its mouth 

 the river is canalised, and it forms 

 part of the water supply of the 

 city of Valencia. 



