GUEVARA 



GUIANA 



Guevara, ANTONIO DE (c. 1490- 

 1545). Spanish author. Passing 

 his youth at court, in 1518 he be- 

 came a Franciscan friar and was 

 appointed preacher to the court of 

 Charles V. Made bishop of Guadix 

 in 1527, two years later he pub- 

 lished Marco Aurelio con el reloj 

 de principes, which appeared in 

 London in 1532 as The Golden 

 Book of Aurelius, Emperor and 

 Eloquent Orator. This Diall of 

 Princes, as a later translation in 

 1537 puts it, was the original of 

 Lyly's Euphues, 1578, which 

 founded the euphuist school of 

 literature. See Euphuism. 



Guevara, Luis VELEZ DE (1579- 

 1644). Spanish writer. Born at 

 Ecija, he was educated at the uni- 

 versity of Osuna. For a time he 

 was a soldier and afterwards a 

 courtier, but most of his life was 

 devoted to writing. He died at 

 Madrid, Nov. 10, 1644. Guevara 

 wrote over 400 plays and a novel, 

 El Diablo Cojuelo (The Lame 

 Devil), on which Le Sage based Le 

 Diable Boiteux. 



Guggenheim. Name of a 

 family of American capitalists. 

 Meyer Guggenheim, a Jew of Phil- 

 adelphia, acquired copper interests 

 in California, and in developing 

 these was assisted by his sons. The 

 firm which they founded was very 

 prosperous and soon the Guggen- 

 heims were known as the copper 

 kings. The second of the six sons, 

 Benjamin (1855-1912), went down 

 with the Titanic in 1912, while 

 Morris or Murray (b. 1858) was 

 perhaps the most active. All were 

 interested in copper, while in addi- 

 tion Simon was U.S.A. senator 

 for Colorado, 1907-13, being a 

 Democrat. 



Guiana. Territory in the N.E. 

 of S. America. Bounded W. by 

 Venezuela and E. by Brazil, it is 

 divided into three sections 

 British, French, and Dutch Guiana. 

 The general term Guiana is some- 

 times used to include Brazilian 

 Guiana, territory lying to the S. 

 Its area is est. at 166,800- sq. m. 

 The surface slopes gently from the 

 level coastal tract to the Tumac 

 Humac range in the S. and to the 

 Pacaraima range in the W. Large 

 forested areas, inhabited by wild 

 Indians, exist towards the S., which 

 is still unexplored. Before 1793 this 

 region was divided between France, 

 Spain, Portugal, and Holland. Its 

 coasts were first explored by Span- 

 iards in 1499-1500. /SeeArawak. 

 . Guiana, BRITISH. Colony of S. 

 America. It is bounded N. by the 

 Atlantic, S. by Brazil, W. by Vene- 

 zuela, and E. by Dutch Guiana. 

 It includes the settlements of 

 Essequibo, Berbice, and Demerara, 

 and has an area of 89,480 sq. m. 



Inland for a distance of from 10 m. 

 to 40 m., the country consists of 

 rich alluvial flats and mudbanks 

 deposited by the 

 numerous rivers. 

 This coastal strip 

 is the only part 

 under cultiva- 

 tion, and virtu- 

 ally the only part 

 inhabited. The 

 land thereafter 

 rises towards the 

 interior and cul- 

 minates in the 

 ranges of Pacaraima and Acaray in 

 theS.W. andW.,Roraima,inthe for- 

 mer.reachingan elevation of 8,735ft. 

 The chief rivers are the Esse- 



British Guiana 

 arms 



Canada, and the United States. 

 Imports are mainly foodstuffs such 

 as flour, meat, butter, clothing, 

 machinery and hardware, tobacco 

 and alcoholic beverages ; of these 

 the United States supplies approxi- 

 mately half. Exports are largely 

 sugar, rum, and balata, and are 

 almost equally divided between 

 the United Kingdom and Canada. 



The colony was originally 

 founded by the Dutch, who settled 

 on the Essequibo river in the 17th 

 century. In 1781 it was captured 

 by the British and, after changing 

 owners several times, was finally 

 ceded to the British in 1815. Pop. 

 310,972. 



Bibliography. History of E.G., J. 



quibo(600 m. ), the Berbice (400 m. ), iRodway, 1891 /Twenty-five Years in 



and the Demerara (250 m.). Other 



streams include the Courantyne on 



the E. boundary, the Cuyuni, Ba- 



rima, Waini, Mazaruni, and Pom- 



eroon. The Courantyne, Demerara, 



Barima, and Berbice are navigable 



for about 100 m. from their mouths, 



Guiana. Map of the British, Dutch, and French colonies 

 on the S. American Atlantic seaboard 



the others for short distances only, 

 being obstructed by rapids and 

 cataracts. The climate is hot and 

 the rainfall heavy ; fever is preva- 

 lent in the low-lying districts. 



The chief products are sugar, 

 rice, coconuts, coffee, cacao, wild 

 rubber, maize, wheat, vanilla, and 

 limes. Cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, 

 goats, and donkeys are reared. The 

 exports include sugar, rum, char- 

 coal, balata, timber, diamonds, and 

 rice. Gold is mined and precious 

 stones are found. There are about 

 100 m. of rly. opened for traffic. 

 In addition there are 320 m. of 

 good roads and 40 m. of canals. The 

 flora and fauna are abundant. 

 From the Berbice river the huge 

 water-lily, the Victoria Regia, was 

 first obtained. The colony is ad- 

 ministered by a governor assisted by 

 a council. The capitalis Georgetown. 



Trade is almost entirely con- 

 fined to the United Kingdom, 



E.G., H. Kirke, 1898 : Handbook of 

 E.G., G. D. Bayley, 1909 ; Guiana, 

 British, French, and Dutch, J. Rod- 

 way, 1912. 



Guiana, DUTCH, OR SURINAM. 

 Colony of S. America, belonging to 

 the Netherlands. The area is 46,000 

 sq. m. It lies be- 

 tween British 

 Guiana on the 

 W. and French 

 Guiana on the E., 

 and is bounded 

 N. by the Atlantic 

 and S. by Brazil. 

 The Courantyne 

 river flows along 

 the W. and the 

 Maroni along the 

 E. frontier. In 

 the S. are im- 

 penetrable 

 forests and sav- 

 annahs, culmin- 

 ating in the 

 Acaray range. 

 The configuration 

 of the surface, 

 the climate and 

 resemble those of 

 Only one- 



productions 



British Guiana (q.v.). 



tenth of the territory is s'ettled, 



and most of the plantations lie 



along the shores of the Surinam. 



The capital, Paramaribo, stands 

 on the Surinam, near its mouth. 

 The colony is administered by 

 a governor, assisted by a council. 

 Exports include sugar, cacao, ban- 

 anas, coffee, rice, maize, rum, and 

 molasses. The language, laws, and 

 coinage are Dutch. 



The colony was founded by Lord 

 Willoughby, then governor of Bar- 

 bados, in 1650, and was exchanged 

 17 years later, at the peace of Breda, 

 for what is now New York. It finally 

 became Dutch in 1815. Pop. 107,827, 

 exclusive of the forest aborigines. 



Guiana, FRENCH. Colony of S. 

 America, belonging to France. It 

 lies between Dutch Guiana on the 

 W. and Brazil on the E. and S., 

 while the Atlantic washes its shores 



