GUILFORD 



3736 



GUILLOTINE 



a certain number of housing con- 

 tracts sanctioned by the ministry 

 of health in Jan., 1921. See Social- 

 ism. J. E. Miles 

 Bibliography. Self -Government in 

 Industry, G.D.H. Cole, 4th ed. 1919; 

 Guild Socialism Restated, G. D. H. 

 Cole, 1920 ; A Guildsman's Inter- 

 pretation of History, A. J. Penty, 

 1 920 ; The Meaning of National 

 Guilds, M. B. Reckitt and C. E. 

 Bechofer ; Roads to Freedom, 

 Bertrand Russell, 1918. 



Guilford, EARL OF. English 

 title borne by the family of North 

 since 1752. Francis North (1637- 

 1685), a son of the 3rd Lord North, 

 was made Baron Guilford in 1683. 

 He was a prominent lawyer in the 

 time of Charles II, ending with the 

 position of lord keeper of the privy 

 seal. His grandson, Francis, in- 

 herited both the barony of Guilford 

 and that of North, and was made 

 an earl in 1752. His son was Lord 

 North, the prime minister of 

 George III, 

 who only be- 

 came ,earl of 

 Guilford two 

 years before 

 his death in 

 1792. Three 

 of his sons 

 succeeded in 

 turn to the 

 earldom. The 

 third, Frede- 

 rick, the 5th 

 earl, a great lover of Greece, had 

 much to do with the founding 

 of the university of Corfu. The 

 title passed on his death in 1827 

 to a cousin. The family seat is 

 Waldershare Park, Dover, and the 

 earl's eldest son is known as Lord 

 North. See North, Lord. 



Guillaumat, MARIE Louis 

 ADOLPHE (b. 1863). French sol- 

 dior. Born at Bourgneuf, Jan. 4, 

 1863, he joined 

 the French 

 army Oct. 1, 

 1884. He saw 

 active, 'service 

 in Algeria, 

 Tunisia, 

 Tongking and 

 China, and in 

 the Boxer out- 

 break in 1900 

 commanded 

 the French troops in Tientsin. 

 Brigadier-general and director of 

 infantry under the minister of war 

 in Oct., 1913, he was appointed 

 chief of the cabinet of the minister 

 of war in June, 1914. 



As temporary general of division 

 he commanded the 4th infantry 

 division in 1914 and the 1st army 

 corps in 1915, which were heavily 

 engaged in the Argonne and in 

 Champagne. Full general of di- 

 vision, Dec., 1915, he took part 



1st Baron Guilford 



After Biley 



M. L. A. uuillaumat, 

 French soldier 



in the Verdun fighting, 1916, and 

 was appointed head of the French 

 second army, Dec., 1916. In Dec., 



1917, Guillaumat succeeded Sarrail 

 as commander-in-chief at Salonica, 

 and became military governor of 

 Paris, June, 1918, and in Oct. was 

 placed at the head of the French 

 fifth army. He was appointed 

 inspector-general, June, 1919. 



Guillaume d' Orange. Hero of 

 an old French romance. Also 

 known as Guillaume au court nez, 

 or William of the Short Nose, his 

 story is set forth in one of the old 

 chansons de geste. The story is 

 blended with that of S. William of 

 Orange, count of Toulouse (d. 812). 



Guillemin, AMEDEE VICTOR 

 (1826-93). French scientist. 

 Teacher of mathematics in Paris, 

 he devoted his attention to further- 

 ing the cause of popular scientific 

 knowledge, and in 1851 published 

 Les Mondes, Cause ries Astrono- 

 miques. This was followed by 

 Simples explications des chemins de 

 fer (1863), Le Ciel (1864), La Lune, 

 (1865), and a number of books on 

 astronomy and physics. Hislastcon- 

 siderable work was the Petite Ency- 

 clopedic Populaire, 1 2 vols. , 1 886-9 1 . 



Guillemont. Village of France, 

 in the dept. of Somme. Situated 

 5 m. E. of Albert, it was promi- 

 nent in the battle of the Somme, 

 1916. It was captured on Sept. 3 

 by the British 20th division. 

 Retaken by the Germans in March, 



1918, it was recovered in August. 

 See Bapaume, Battle of; Somme, 

 Battles of the. 



Guillemot (Una). Genus of 

 seabirds belonging to the auk 

 family and including the razorbill. 

 The guillemot 

 is common 

 around the 

 British coasts, 

 I nit is rarely 

 -een on the 

 rocks except 

 ui the nesting 

 season, as it 

 spends nearly 

 all its time at 

 sea. The 

 plumage is 

 white on the 

 under parts, 

 with dark 

 head, back, 

 and wings. 

 No nest is 

 made, the 

 single large egg being laid on a 

 bare cliff-ledge. 



Guillotine. Instrument for the 

 painless decapitation of crimi- 

 nals. It consists of two upright 

 grooved posts between which a 

 heavy knife is mounted with its 

 blade set obliquely. When a cord 

 is released the blade falls swiftly 



on to the block on which the 

 victim's head lies. Similar con- 

 trivances existed in Scotland. 



uemot. Specimen 

 of Uria troile 



Guillotine used by the French revo- 

 lutionaries in the days of the Terror 



From a contemporary print 



where the " Maiden " was in use 

 by 1581, and at Halifax, York- 

 shire, before 1650. The present 

 name comes from that of a French 

 doctor, Joseph Ignace Guillotin 

 (1738-1814), who recommended its 

 use to the Constituent Assembly in 

 1789, and saw it officially adopted 

 by the penal code, 1792. It is. still 

 the means of capital punishment 

 in France. 



The name is applied in English 

 printing offices, paper warehouses, 

 and bookbinding establishments to 

 a machine for cutting, squaring, 

 and trimming paper. 



Guillotine. Machine used by book- 

 binders for squaring and trimming paper 



By courtesy of Payne & Sons (Olley) , Lid. 



