GULLY 



3744 



GUMBINNEN 



Gully, JOHN (1783-1863). Brit- 

 ish sportsman. Born at the Crown 

 Inn, Wick, of which his father was 

 the proprietor, Aug. 21, 1783, he 

 was brought up as a butcher. 

 While imprisoned for debt in the 

 Marshalsea he made the acquaint- 

 ance of Hen Pearce, the Game 

 Chicken, who obtained his release 

 by interesting some patrons of the 

 ring in his behalf. A match was 

 made between Gully and Pearce, 

 and the Chicken won. Gully's later 

 victories established his reputation. 



Retiring from the ring in 1808, 

 he became a professional betting 

 man and amassed a large fortune, 

 which he invested in collieries. He 

 won the St. Leger with Margrave 

 in 1832, pulled off the double event 

 at Epsom in 1846 by winning the 

 Derby with Pyrrhus I and the Oaks 

 with Mendicant, and in 1854 won 

 the 2,000 Guineas with Hermit 

 (not the Derby winner of 1867) and 

 the Derby with Andover. Gully 

 represented Pontefract in parlia- 

 ment. He died March 9, 1863. 



Gully Ravine. Name given to 

 a deep cleft running inwards to- 

 wards Krithia from a point near 

 Beach Y at the S.W. extremity of 

 the Gallipoli peninsula. Strongly 

 fortified by the Turks, it twisted 

 N.E. between overhanging hills. 

 It was 200 ft. high in places and 

 covered with thick green under- 

 growth. On June 28, 1915, it was 

 attacked by Gen. Hunter- Weston 

 with the 29th division, 156th 

 brigade of the Lowland division, 

 and the Indian brigade. The gains 

 were definite and considerable. See 

 Gallipoli, Campaign in. 



Gum (Eucalyptus). Large genus 

 of tall evergreen trees of the 

 natural order Myrtaceae. With 

 few exceptions they are natives of 

 Australia, where they are the 

 dominant trees of the forests. 

 They have undivided, leathery, 

 and usually alternate leaves. The 

 upper part of the calyx and the 

 corolla are shed when the flower 

 opens, so that the great number of 

 stamens form the most con- 

 spicuous feature of the expanded 

 blossom. Eucalyptus oil is obtained 

 from the leaves of E. globulus. 



Some of the species rapidiy attain 

 enormous proportions, the height 

 frequently exceeding those of the 

 giant sequoias of California. E. 

 amygdalina has been recorded of the 

 height of 522 ft. The girth of these 

 big trees at 5 ft. from the ground 

 averages from 40 ft. to 50 ft., 

 though they have been known as 

 much as 88 ft. Planks over 200 ft 

 long have been cut from them. 

 Some species shed the outer bark 

 in long thin strips ; but the under 

 bark is deliberately stripped for 

 roofing houses and many trees 



are killed by this process. Fallen 

 timber rapidly decays. Among 

 other products of the gum trees 

 is a kind of kino, which exudes 

 from the tree as a resinous juice, 

 and has great astringent properties. 

 The timber is valuable for many 

 purposes, especially where beams 

 of great length are required. 



Gum (Lat. gummi). Adhesive 

 and thickening agent. True gum 

 is the exudation and sometimes 

 the juice of trees and plants. It is 

 soluble in water. The best is gum 

 arable. Tragacanth, the chief 

 example of gums containing 

 bassorin, is obtained by making 

 incisions in the stem of a low bush 

 growing in Asia Minor and Persia. 

 The dried juice absorbs fifty times 

 its own weight in water, and once 

 melted is a mucilage (q.v, ) rather 

 than an adhesive. Both it and 

 gum arabic are used in pharmacy 

 to contain insoluble substances in 

 pills, etc. 



Gum resins are also the products 

 of plants, and consist of a mixture 

 of gum soluble in water and 

 resin, only soluble in alcohol such 

 as ammoniacum, myrrh, etc. 

 Plum, cherry, almond, and other 

 fruit trees exude gum, which yield 

 arabinose or oxalic acid, according 

 to the way it is treated. Gum 

 substitute, or British gum, is 

 made by converting starch into 

 dextrin either by heating or 

 treating with acids, and is found 

 superior to real gums as an adhesive 

 for postage stamps, being easily 

 dissolved and easily spread. The 

 best known gum resins are 

 ammoniacum asafetida, galbanum, 

 and myrrh. These are all used in 

 the practice of medicine. 



Gum arabic is dried gum ob- 

 tained from the stem and branches 

 of various species of Acaciae, the 

 finest kind being obtained from 

 Acacia Senegal. The acacias are 

 small trees growing freely in W. 

 Africa, N. of the river Senegal, and 

 also abundant in S. Nubia, Kor- 

 dofan, and E. Africa. The Kordo- 

 fan gum which is most prized is 

 exported from Alexandria and 

 occurs in ovoid, opaque, white 

 tears, the largest being of the size 

 of a hazel nut. Inferior kinds of 

 gum arabic from Morocco, Cape 

 Colony, East India, and Australia 

 are mos t ly 

 ] coloured, and 

 _y|f5l. /,, although not 

 j suitable for use 

 - '>^g :f v -r, iii medicine. 1 , 



S^lr*/ ' anc " m t ^ ie 



"^V manufacture of 



'""v&JJi ii^ pastilles, are 



fr/ j much used in 



i. ..^^^^r..'..-.. _ J the industries, 



Gum arabic, flowers and as an ad ' 



oi Acacia Senegal hesive. 



Gum OR GINGIVA. Name for the 

 fleshy tissue which surrounds the 

 margin of the upper and lower jaws. 

 The gums are covered by mucous 

 membrane which is continuous with 

 that of the mouth. Inflammation 

 of the gums generally arises from 

 a neglect of the teeth It is also 

 seen in scurvy, and in persons who 

 have been taking mercurial pre- 

 parations for a considerable time. 

 Chronic inflammation of the gum 

 may eventually lead to loosening 

 and falling out of the teeth. An 

 abscess at the root of a tooth may 

 break through on the surface of the 

 gum, the condition then being 

 known as a gumboil. 



Pyorrhoea alveolaris is an in- 

 flammatory state of the gums 

 associated with the formation of 

 pus between the teeth and the 

 gum. The condition is very apt 

 to affect the general health, pro- 

 ducing anaemia, disorders of 

 digestion, and pains in the limbs 

 resembling rheumatism. Removal 

 of the teeth is the best treatment. 

 Chronic lead poisoning, which is 

 sometimes seen among smelters, 

 printers, and plumbers, produces a 

 blue line at the margin of the gums 

 from the deposit of lead sulphide in 

 the tissues. See Pyorrhoea ; Teeth. 



Gumbinnen. Town of E. 

 Prussia, Germanj'. It is about 66 

 m. from Konigsberg, and stands 

 at the junction of the rivers Ro- 

 minte and Pissa. The chief build- 

 ings are churches, a hospital, etc., 

 and the industries include the 

 making of machinery, weaving, 

 and tanning. Gumbinnen was 

 made a town by Frederick William 

 I of Prussia, who settled some re- 

 ligious refugees here in the 18th 

 century. During the early part of 

 the Great War the district was in- 

 vaded by the Russians, and there 

 was a good deal of fighting around 

 here. Pop. 14,500. 



Gumbinnen, BATTLE OF. Fought 

 between the Germans and the 

 Russians, Aug. 20, 1914. Little 

 more than a fortnight after Ger- 

 many's declaration of war, Aug. 1, 

 1914, Russia had in motion several 

 large armies, one of which invaded 

 E. Prussia from the N., while a 

 second struck from the S. The 

 former, called the Army of the 

 Niemen, consisted of 250,000 men 

 under Rennenkampf ; the latter, 

 called the army of the Nareff, led 

 by Samsonoff, was of the same 

 strength. 



The German forces, commanded 

 by Von Fran?ois, were in this 

 area much inferior to the Russian 

 in numbers and in quality. After 

 raids and reconnaissances across 

 the frontier, Rennenkampf, gaining 

 a foothold in enemy territory, ad- 

 vanced along the railway that ran 



