

GUNTER 



3753 



GURKHA 



Archibald C. Gunter, 



Anglo-American 



author 



Gun running has been actively 

 carried on in Ireland, occasions 

 being the Ulstermen's feat in 

 Belfast Lough in April, 1914, and 

 that of the Nationalist volunteers 

 atHowth in July, 1914. eeDhow. 

 Gunter, ARCHIBALD CLAVERING 

 (1847-1907). Author and play- 

 wright. Born at Liverpool, Oct. 

 25, 1847,. at an 

 early age he 

 went with his 

 parents- to 

 California. 

 Having been a 

 civil engineer 

 on the Central 

 Paci fi c Rly. 

 and a stock- 

 broker, he 

 went to New 

 York in 

 1879, and took to writing novels 

 and plays. He wrote 29 novels. 

 His first, Mr. Barnes of New 

 York, 1887, was printed at his 

 own expense, and circulated by 

 a news company. Over a million 

 copies of it were sold before the 

 author's death, and he successfully 

 dramatised it and its successor, 

 Mr. Potter of Texas, 1888. Its 

 success and that of Gunter's other 

 books was due to his insistence on 

 plot, movement, and incident, 

 avoidance of the past tense, and 

 the creation of the illusion that the 

 author himself did not know what 

 was coming. In 1905 he edited 

 Gunter's Magazine. He died in 

 New York, Feb. 23, 1907. 



Gunter, EDMUND (1581-1626). 

 English mathematician. Educated 

 at Westminster School and Christ 

 Church, Oxford, he was ordained, 

 and in 1615 was appointed vicar 

 of S. George's, Southwark. His 

 interests, however, were scientific, 

 and in 1619 he was made professor 

 of astronomy at Gresham College, 

 London. He died Dec. 10, 1626. 

 Gunter made some useful mathe- 

 matical discoveries, while several 

 inventions still bear his name. 



Gunter's Chain. Chain used in 

 surveying. Its introduction was 

 due to Edmund Gunter. It is 22 

 yds. long, divided into 100 links, 

 and it allows of easy calculations 

 of measurements, since an acre 

 contains 10 sq. chains, or 100,000 

 sq. links. See Surveying. 



Guntur. Town of Madras, India, 

 in the Kistna district. It stands 

 on the Grand Trunk Road, 47 m. 

 W.N.W. of Masulipatam. It was 

 given to the French in 1753 by 

 Muzaffar Jang, and became British 

 in 1778. There is trade in cotton 

 and cereals. Pop. about 25,000. 



Gupta. Name given to an em- 

 pire that flourished in India from 

 botween 300 and 500 A.D. It was 

 founded by a certain Chandra- 



gupta and enlarged by his successor 

 Samudragupta. The real Gupta 

 empire was in northern India, 

 where was its capital Pataliputra, 

 but Samudragupta conquered al- 

 most the whole of the peninsula. 

 After 450 it was attacked by the 

 Huns, and when Skandagupta died, 

 about 480, it came to an end, al- 

 though princes of the family ruled, 

 under the overlordship of others, 

 for some 350 years longer over a 

 smaller area, known as Magadba. 

 The Gupta era, which was long 

 used in Indian chronology, dated 

 from Feb. 26, 320. In the latter 

 part of the 19th century the dis- 

 covery of Gupta inscriptions added 

 to our knowledge of this empire. 

 See India: History; consult Gupta 

 Inscriptions, J. F. Fleet, 1888. 



Gupta, SIR KRISHNA GOVINDA 

 (b. 1851). Indian civil servant. 

 Born at Bhatpara, Dacca, Feb. 28, 

 1851, he joined 

 the Indian 

 civil service in 

 1873, becom- 

 ing secretary 

 to the board 

 of revenue, 

 1887, co m- 

 m i s si oner of 

 excise, 1893, 

 and divisional Sir Krishna Gupta, 

 commissioner Indian civil servant 

 1901. He Eiuon* Fr y 



was appointed a member of the 

 board of revenue in 1904, being 

 the first Indian to hold such a 

 post. He was one of the two 

 Indians who were for the first time 

 nominated to the council of India, 

 and held that post from 1908-15. 

 He retired from the India office in 

 March, 1915. He was created 

 K. C.S.I, in 1911. 



Gurdaspur. District, sub- 

 division, and town in the Lahore 

 division of the Punjab, India. The 

 district is bounded on the E. by 

 the river Beas, . while the Ravi, 

 which has many tributaries within 

 the district, crosses the N.W. It 

 is irrigated by the Upper Bari Doab 

 Canal and two-thirds of its area 

 is cultivated. The rainfall is good 

 and the crops are usually certain, 

 no part of the Punjab being more 

 fertile. Wheat and sugar-canes are 

 the main crops, while pulses and rice 

 are also grown. The sanatorium 

 of Dalhousie is in the N.E., 7,687 

 ft. in elevation, and is a pretty and 

 healthy place, reached by tonga 

 from Pathankot, 51 m. away. The 

 town of Gurdaspur lies in the middle 

 of the district, and is on the rly. 

 from Amritsar to Pathankot, ex- 

 porting sugar and food grains to the 

 former town. District : 1,889 sq. m., 

 pop. 836,771. Subdivision : area 

 496 sq. m., pop. 224,515. Town : 

 pop. 6,248. 



Gurgaon. ,_ District, subdivi- 

 sion, and town of the Ambala divi- 

 sion of the Punjab, India. The dis- 

 trict lies between the Delhi district 

 and Rajputana, and is bounded on 

 the E. by the river Jumna. Close 

 to the river the plain is irrigated by 

 the Agra-Delhi Canal; here theJats 

 are good cultivators. Elsewhere 

 the soil is sandy and the low hills 

 are bare. Owing to the unreliable 

 rainfall crops fail frequently. It is 

 crossed by two main rlys. Rewari 

 is the most important town. Gur- 

 gaon town stands on the Rajpu- 

 tana state rly., 20 m. S. W. of Delhi, 

 in a fertile plantation, and is the 

 administrative headquarters. Dis- 

 trict : area 1,984 sq. m., pop. 

 .643,177. Subdivision: area 411 sq. 

 m.,pop.H2,312. Town: pop. 5,461. 



Guriev. Ri ver port of S. Russia, 

 in Uralsk. It stands on the Ural, 

 10 m. fi'om where it runs into the 

 Caspian Sea, and not far from the 

 boundary between Europe and 

 Asia. The chief occupation is 

 fishing. Pop. 9,500. 



Gurjun Balsam OR WOOD OIL. 

 An oleo-resin prepared from sev- 

 eral species of Dipterocarpus, 

 chiefly D. turbinatus, in India, 

 Burma, and the Malacca States. 

 The distilled oil is used in the place 

 of balsam of copaiba in cases of 

 leprosy. It is also used as a protec- 

 tion against the attacks of white 

 ants, and as a varnish. 



Gurkha. Name usually applied 

 by Europeans to those tribes in 

 Nepal whence the British Gur- 

 kha regiments 

 are recruited. 

 Of the total 

 Nepalese popu- 

 lation, num- 

 bering (1911) 

 5,639,092, the 

 chief tribes are 

 the Kha, Man- 

 gar, and Gu- 

 rung. Their 

 Mongoloid 

 strain and pri- 

 mitive anim- 

 ism have been 

 much Aryan - 

 i s e d ; the 

 Sanskrit- 

 speaking Kha 

 and the Man- 

 gar profess 

 Hinduism, the 

 Gurung a lax 

 Buddhism. 



The Gurkhas, 

 who form part 

 of the Indian army, aided by their 

 loose observance of caste rules, 

 fraternise freely, especially with 

 Highland regiments. Their char- 

 acteristic weapon, the kukri, is a 

 curved knife. Faithful, fearless, 

 self-reliant, they rendered valuable 



Serjeant of Gur- 

 kha regiment 



