GURNARD 



service during the Great War, both 

 in France and on other fronts. The 

 Nepal government placed 10,000 

 at the disposal of India for com- 

 batant service, and throughout the 

 period of hostilities 55,000 recruits 

 were received by the Gurkha bat- 

 talions of the Indian army. Pron. 

 Goorka. 



Gurnard (Trigla). Fish of a 

 genus which includes about 40 

 species. Gurnards are distinguished 



Gurnard. 1. Grey gurnard, Trigla 



gurnardus. 2. Bed, T. cuculus. 



3. Sapphirine, T. hirundo 



by their large, ugly heads, which 

 are covered with angular plates. 

 The three front rays of each pec- 

 toral fin are modified into feelers, 

 somewhat resembling fingers, which 

 are used not only in finding prey, 

 but in creeping on the sea bottom. 

 Most gurnards make good table fish. 



Seven species of gurnards are 

 found around the British coasts, 

 the red gurnard (T. cuculus) being 

 most frequently seen in the mar- 

 kets. It is bright red in colour, 

 tinged in parts with silvery white, 

 and the pink colour of its flesh is 

 attributed to its feeding upon crus- 

 taceans. The grey gurnard (T. 

 gurnardus) is also common, and is 

 larger in size, being less esteemed 

 for the table. The sapphirine gur- 

 nard (T. hirundo) is often 2 ft. in 

 length, and is brown with beautiful 

 blue pectoral fins. The piper (T. 

 lyra) is a large red species with pro- 

 minent snout and formidable spines. 

 The gurnard makes a grunting 

 noise when first captured, whence 

 the name (Fr. grogner, to grunt). 



Gurney. Name of an English 

 amily, known for its association 

 with banking and Quakerism. 

 Hugh le Gourney, or Gkurney, ob- 

 ained land in Norfolk soon after 

 he Norman Conquest, and there 



3754 



his descendants lived for centuries. 

 In the 17th century some joined 

 the Society of Friends. John Gur- 

 ney (1688-1741), prominent as a 

 merchant in Norwich and as a 

 Friehd, was the father of John and 

 Henry Gurney, who, in 1770, set up 

 a bank in Norwich. This became 

 the firm of Gurney & Co., of which, 

 towards the end of the century, 

 another John Gurney, a descendant 

 of Joseph Gurney, became the head. 

 John was the father of Elizabeth 

 Fry and Samuel, Joseph John, and 

 Daniel Gurney. 



Joseph John and Daniel entered 

 the Norwich business, but their 

 brother, Samuel (1786-1856), also 

 a philanthropist interested in hu- 

 manitarian and religious move- 

 ments, went to London and served 

 in the business of his brother-in- 

 law, Joseph Fry. In 1807 he be- 

 came a. partner in the firm of 

 Richardson, Overend & Co., which 

 under him became known as Over- 

 end, Gurney & Co. His sons carried 

 on his business until 1865, when it 

 was made into a joint stock com- 

 pany. In 1866 it failed with liabili- 

 ties of over 1 1 ,000,000, many other 

 firms being involved. The Nor- 

 wich bank, however, continued to 

 flourish until it was absorbed by 

 Barclay's in 1896. Earlham Hall, 

 near Norwich, was long the family 

 residence. See The Gurneys of 

 Earlham, Augustus Hare, 1895. 



Gurney. Name of a family of 

 shorthand writers. Thomas Gur- 

 ney (1705-1770) was born at Wo- 

 burn, March 7, 1705, his father 

 being a miller. He himself became 

 a clockmaker and then a school- 

 master, at the same time learning 

 shorthand. About 1740, having 

 settled in London, he was made 

 the official shorthand writer at the 

 Old Bailey, the first appointment 

 of its kind. He was shorthand 

 writer in other courts of justice 

 and in the House of Commons. He 

 died June 22, 1770. His system 

 was published as Brachygraphy. 



His son Joseph (1744-1815) 

 succeeded to the positions. He 

 published reports of state trials 

 and also further editions of the 

 Brachygraphy. The business of 

 shorthand writer was carried on by 

 Joseph's son, William Brodie Gur- 

 ney (1777-1855), and then by the 

 latter s son, Joseph Gurney (1804- 

 79). William was a philanthropist 

 and a prominent figure among the 

 Nonconformists of his day. In 

 1813 he was recognized as the offi- 

 cial shorthand writer to the two 

 Houses of Parliament. His son 

 Joseph was the official short- 

 hand writer from the time of his 

 father's resignation in 1849 until 

 his own in 1872, when the office 

 passed to a nephew, W. H. Gurney 



GUSHER 



Salter. Joseph Gurney died Aug. 

 12, 1879. See A Text Book of the 

 Gurney System of Shorthand, W. 

 H. Gurney Salter, 1884. 



Gurney, EDMUND (1847-88). 

 British psychological writer. Born 

 at Hersham, Surrey, March 23, 

 1847, he was educated at Trinity 

 College, Cambridge. Much inter- 

 ested in psychical subjects, he was 

 one of the founders of the Society 

 for Psychical Research, whose ob- 

 ject was to investigate the claims 

 of spiritualism. Gurney himself 

 chiefly devoted his attention to 

 telepathy, hallucination, and hyp- 

 notism. He died June 23, 1888. 



Gurney, HENRY PALTN (1847- 

 1904). British scientist. Born in 

 London, Sept. 7, 1847, he was edu- 

 cated at the City of London School 

 and Clare College, Cambridge, of 

 which he became lecturer in mathe- 

 matics and natural science, and 

 senior fellow. In 1871 he was or- 

 dained, and long served S. Peter's, 

 Bayswater, as curate. In 1872 he 

 began to lecture for Walter Wren 

 (q.v.), and in 1877 became manag- 

 ing partner of the tutorial firm of 

 Wren and Gurney. In 1894 Gurney 

 was appointed principal of the 

 Durham College of Science, New- 

 castle-upon-Tyne. A noted athlete, 

 he lost his life in Switzerland, Aug. 

 13, 1904, the result of a fall. 



Gurney, JOSEPH JOHN (1788- 

 1847). British philanthropist. 

 Born Aug. 2, 1788, a son of John 

 Gurney o f 

 Earlham Hall, 

 Norfolk, he 

 studied at 

 Oxford, though 

 not in the uni- 

 versity, and 

 soon began 

 to write. He 

 became a part- 

 ner in the bank 

 of Gurney 

 & Co., Nor- 

 wich, but his real work was done 

 as a minister of the Society of 

 Friends, and as an advocate of the 

 abolition of slavery, of prison re- 

 form, and other causes of the kind. 

 To promote these he travelled in 

 America and elsewhere. He died 

 Jan. 4, 1847. See Memoir, ed. J. B. 

 Braithwaite, 1854. 



Gurupy. River of N. Brazil. 

 Rising on the N. slope of the Serra 

 de Cinta, it flows NJE. and N. to 

 discharge its waters into the Atlan- 

 tic N. of the towns of Gurupy and 

 Visco, through the Bay of Gurupy. 

 Its length is estimated at 250 m. 



Gusher (Icelandic geyser, to 

 gush). Literally anything that 

 rushes out violently as water from 

 a geyser. It is used now for a well 

 of oil that does not need pumping. 

 See Oil. 



Joseph John Gurney, 

 British philanthropist 



