GUT 



3756 



GUTHRIE 



rly. S. of Rostock. It has a 13th 

 century cathedral (restored 1868) ; 

 a 16th century town hall, a 

 Renaissance castle, now utilised as 

 a workhouse ; and a fine old parish 

 church with paintings and carvings. 

 A busy industrial centre, holding 

 an annual wool fair, it manufac- 

 tures iron goods, bricks, sugar, glue, 

 tobacco, alcoholic liquors, dyes, 

 soap, and wire rope. There are 

 also motor-car works and machine 

 shops, tanneries, saw mills, and a 

 brisk trade in dairy produce. Dur- 

 ing the Great War it became an 

 internment camp. Pop. 17,805. 



Gut. Intestines of animals, 

 which when removed and prepared 

 are used for various commercial 

 purposes. The entrails from 

 freshly-killed sheep or other ani- 

 mals are removed, thoroughly 

 washed, trimmed, and scraped free 

 of the softer surface layers. The 

 gut is then sold for sausage cover- 

 ings, being preserved in salt until 

 required. The process of gut- 

 spinning is employed where the 

 gut is to be made into fiddle strings 

 or cords for rackets, etc. The 

 various lengths of scraped gut are 

 sewn together, and the gut twisted 

 on a spinning wheel. The spun 

 gut is then dried in the open air. 

 Silkworm gut as used for fishing 

 tackle is made from silkworms. 



Gutchkov, ALEXANDER IVANO- 

 VITCH (b. 1853). Russian states- 

 man. Born and educated in Mos- 

 cow, he entered 

 on a business 

 career, and 

 early interest- 

 ed himself in 

 public affairs. 

 He served as a 

 volunteer with 

 the Boers in 

 the S. African 

 War, and in 

 the Russo- 

 Japanese War, 

 and with the Bulgarians in the 

 Balkans. ^In 1905 he became one 

 of the founders and soon the leader 

 of the Octobrist Party (g.v.). He 

 entered the Duma in 1907, and was 

 made president, proving himself a 

 firm constitutionalist of the mode- 

 rate school. He failed to secure a 

 seat in the Fourth Duma, but was 

 elected member of the Council of 

 the Empire. 



During the Great War he 

 directed" Red Cross work at the 

 front, and later acted as chairman 

 of the central industrial muni- 

 tions committee. In March, 1917, 

 after the outbreak of the Revolu- 

 tion, he was appointed minister of 

 war and marine in the first Russian 

 national cabinet, but designed in 

 May, owing to the difficulty of exer- 

 cising his authority. "He was 



arrested in Sept., but was soon 

 released. See Russia. 



Gutenberg OR GENSFLEISCH, 

 JOHANN (c. 1400 c. 1468). German 

 inventor of printing from movable 



The true tffiyies of lohn Gutttmbeig Dcliiuattlfom. 

 Pa.irtU.n3 at Metitz in. German**.. 



Alexander Gutchkov, 

 Russian statesman 



Johann Gutenberg, the German in- 

 ventor of movable type printing 



From an old engraving 



types. Born at Mainz, he lived be- 

 tween 1420 and 1426 at Stras- 

 bourg, where he is believed to have 

 perfected his invention. He re- 

 turned, about 1444, to Mainz, 

 where he was assisted financially 

 by a partnership with Johann 

 Fust, a goldsmith, who foreclosed 

 on a mortgage ; and technically by 

 Fust's son-in-law, Peter Schoffer, 

 an engraver, who is credited with 

 the invention of punches and 

 matrices. He died at Mainz. 



An astronomical calendar, a 

 fragment of which was discovered 

 in 1901, a Latin Bible, and a Latin 

 dictionary, approximately dated 

 1447, 1458, and 1460 respectively, 

 and two or three other works, are 

 attributed to Gutenberg alone, but 

 no book bears his name. A Guten 

 berg museum was founded in 1901 

 at Mainz, where a statue was erected 

 in 1837, and where festivals were 

 held in 1837, 1840, and 1900. See 

 Coster, L. J. ; Typography. 



Giitersloh. Town of Germany. 

 It is in Westphalia, 11 m. S.W. of 

 Bielefeld. It has textile, brewing 

 and other industries, and an exten- 

 sive trade in Westphalian ham and 

 sausage. The local rye-bread, pum- 

 pernickel, is famous for its nutritive 

 value. During the Great War 

 an internment camp was estab- 

 lished here. Pop. 18,336. 



Guthrie Castle, the old resi- 

 dence of the Guthrie family. It 

 is 8 m. from Arbroath, and was 

 restored in the 19th century. Mas- 

 sive walls of the original 15th cen- 

 tury building still stand. 



Guthrie. City of Oklahoma, 

 U.S.A., the co. seat of Logan co. 

 It stands on the Cottonwood and 

 Cimarron rivers, 30 m. N. of 

 Oklahoma City, and is served by 

 the Atchison, Topeka and Santa 

 Fe, and other rlys. Notable build- 

 ings include the federal building, 

 the city hall, a county courthouse, 

 a Carnegie library, and the Scot- 

 tish Rite Temple. Guthrie has 

 cotton and flour mills, foundries and 

 machine shops, and lumber, cigar 

 and furniture factories. Its mineral 

 springs attract many visitors. 

 Founded in 1889, the year Okla- 

 homa was thrown open to white 

 settlement, Guthrie was the capi- 

 tal of the territory from 1890 until 

 1907, and in that year, when Okla- 

 homa became a state, it was con- 

 stituted the capital, but was 

 superseded by Oklahoma City in 

 1911. Pop. 12,098. 



Guthrie, SIR JAMES (b. 1859). 

 Scottish painter. Born at Greenock, 

 June 10, 1859, he was educated at 

 the university 

 of G 1 a s gow, 

 and studied 

 art in London 

 and Paris. 

 He became 



p r o m i nently 

 identified with 



the Glasgow 

 school (q.v.), 

 though his 

 work is more 

 cosmopolitan 

 than Scottish, 



Sir James Gutbrie, 

 Scottish painter 



Russell 



and, in its later 

 aspect, is akin in stylo to that of 

 Sargent. 



Elected A.R.S.A. in 1888, and 

 R.S.A. four years afterwards, he 

 was chosen president of the Scot- 

 tish Academy in 1902, in succession 

 to Sir George Reid. His finest pic- 

 tures include Funeral Service in 

 the Highlands, 1882 ; To Pastures 

 New, 1883 ; and Schoolmates, 

 1886, in the Ghent Municipal Gal- 

 lery ; while of his many portraits, 

 those of Lady Stirling-Maxwell, 

 Professor Jack, and the Rev. Prin- 

 cipal Alexander Whyte, may be 

 mentioned. 



Guthrie, THOMAS (1803-73). 

 Scottish divine. Born at Brechin, 

 Forfarshire, July 12, 1803, he was 

 e d u c a ted at 

 Edinburgh 

 and Paris, 

 and, after 

 being manager 

 of his -father's 

 bank, 1827- 

 29, became 

 minister of 

 Arbirlot, near 

 A rbroath, 

 1830; of 

 1837 ; of S. 



Thomas Guthrie, 

 Scottish divine 



Old Greyfriars, 



John's, Edinburgh, 1840-43 ; and, 



