GUTHRIE 



after the disruption, of Free S. 

 John's, 1843-64. A powerful 

 preacher, he took a leading part in 

 the promotion of a national system 

 of education, of ragged schools, 

 temperance, and social work among 

 the poor. In 11 months, 1845-46, 

 he raised 116,000 for Free Church 

 manses. 



He was moderator of the Free 

 Church General Assembly, 1862, the 

 first editor of The Sunday Magazine, 

 1864-73, and F.R.S. Edin. He 

 died at St. Leonards, Feb. 24, 

 1873. A voluminous writer, many 

 of whose works had a wide circu- 

 lation in the U.S.A., he wrote Fleas 

 for Ragged Schools, 1847-62; A 

 Plea for Drunkards, 1S50 ; The 

 Gospel in Ezekiel, 1856 ; The City, 

 its Sins and Sorrows, 1857 ; The 

 Way to Life, 1862. His son, Charles 

 John, Lord Guthrie (1849-1920) 

 was a judge of the Court of 

 Session. See Autobiography and 

 Memoir, D. K. and C. J. Guthrie, 

 1874-75. 



Guthrie, THOMAS ANSTKY. Eng- 

 lish novelist and playwright who 

 wrote under the pen-name of F. 

 Anstey (7.?;.). 



Guthrum (d. 890). Danish 

 king of E. Anglia. He gained a vic- 

 tory over Ethelred and his brother 

 Alfred at Reading in 871, and 

 after Ethelred's death marched 

 with two other kings to Cambridge 

 in 875, occupied Wareham in 876, 

 and in- 877 was bought off by a 

 treaty. In 878 he was defeated by 

 Alfred at Ethandune (Edington), 

 Wilts, and surrendered in his camp 

 at Chippenham. By the peace of 

 Wedmore he agreed to become a 

 Christian, to give hostages, and to 

 leave Wessex to Alfred. He was 

 baptized under the name of Athel- 

 stan, Alfred standing godfather. 

 In 885 he failed to renew his 

 hostages and permitted an attack 

 on Wessex, but was defeated and 

 concluded the treaty known as 

 Alfred and Guthrum's peace, See 

 Wedmore, Treaty of. 



Gutierrez, JUAN MARIA (1809- 

 78). Argentine poet and writer. 

 J3orn at Buenos Aires, he was for 

 some time an exile in Chile, but 

 after the downfall of the dictator 

 Rosas he returned and became 

 rector of the university in his na- 

 tive place, where he died Feb. 26, 

 1878. An ardent patriot, his hatred 

 of Spanish rule is exemplified in his 

 ode To the May Revolution, 1841, 

 and in This Year and That. He is 

 at his best in his shorter poems, 

 which are distinguished by correct 

 and elegant style. He was the 

 author of a South American an- 

 thology America Poetica. His 

 writings exercised great influ- 

 ence throughout the S. American 

 continent. 



Gutta-percha. Substance re- 

 sembling rubber, prepared from 

 the juice of various trees of the 

 genus Palaquium, natives of the 

 Malay Archipelago. The tree has 

 also been introduced into Java. 

 Incisions are made in the bark of 

 the tree, which causes the juice to 

 exude. It quickly coagulates and 

 is scraped off with a knife. Fre- 

 quently the tree is felled in order 

 to collect the gutta-percha, but 

 the modern method is to tap the 

 standing trees. 



Although resembling rubber 

 closely, gutta-percha is less elastic, 

 becomes plastic at the tem- 

 perature of boiling water, and can- 

 not be vulcanised like rubber. 

 Owing to its special electrical pro- 

 perties, gutta-percha is employed 

 as an insulator for submarine 

 cables. It is also used for covering 

 golf balls, and for many purposes 

 for which rubber is also adapted. 

 See Rubber. 



Gutter (Lat. gutta, drop). Term 

 used in several connexions. In 

 iron and steel smelting, a gutter is 

 a channel through which the mol- 

 ten lead flows from the furnace. 

 In printing, it is the blank space 

 between adjoining pages in a forme 

 of type. In building, and in drain- 

 ing and roadmaking, it is a channel 

 used to carry off water. 



Roof gutters may be situated 

 wherever desirable, e.g. under the 

 parapets formed by party walls, 

 or down the internal angles or 

 " valleys " formed by intersecting 

 roofs, or in convenient positions on 

 flat roofs. Except at the eaves, 

 roof gutters are usually flat and 

 narrow waterways, but the most 

 familiar form is the eaves gutter, 

 most commonly of the shape called 

 half-round, which is fixed at the 

 lowest part or eaves of the roof, 

 and conducts the water through 

 down-pipes to a drain, rainwater 

 butt, or perhaps to a paved foot- 

 path. From there it can easily 

 escape to the road -channel or 

 gutter. 



The eaves gutter, when fed by 

 other gutters, is a main gutter. 

 Eaves gutters are of various 

 materials copper, lead, cast-iron, 

 zinc and are formed and fixed in 

 various ways. A simple form is the 

 half-round metal gutter suspended 

 beneath the eaves by malleable 

 iron hangers, of which one end is 

 screwed on to the roof boards, the 

 other being attached to the middle 

 of a bridging piece which clips the 

 edges of the gutter. More commonly 

 the eaves gutter rests on a board 

 supported on brackets or corbels, 

 or on a ledge formed in a parapet 

 wall which conceals it ; or the 

 gutter may be moulded to form 

 part of a cornice. 



mr. 



r 



Gutta-percha. Leaves and flowers 

 of Palaquium gutta 



For flat roofs a gutter having 

 vertical sides is preferable ; while for 

 sloping roofs gutters having sloping 

 sides such as the V-gutter are 

 most usual ; or one side may be 

 sloping and the other upright, as in 

 the " parapet gutter." Gutters 

 should incline towards their out- 

 lets in a ratio of not less than 1 in 

 10, and in some instances 2 or 3 in 

 10 is desirable. Sunk or enclosed 

 gutters are usually 8 ins. or^O ins. 

 wide. Cornice and parapet gutters 

 are commonly of wood, covered 

 with lead or zinc. 



Drips in roof gutters are falls ar- 

 ranged at intervals of 12 ft. or so in 

 the line of the gutter to facilitate 

 the flow. Snow-boards, to prevent 

 snow choking the gutters or sliding 

 off the roof hi heavy masses, are 

 commonly formed of creosoted 

 yellow deal battens laid trans- 

 versely over the gutter about an 

 inch or so apart. Another form of 

 guard consists of angle-irons raised 

 perpendicularly along and above 

 the gutter and supporting trans- 

 versely three or four rows of teak 

 boards running parallel to the 

 gutter. 



Road guttering is called also 

 channelling, and town roads are 

 usually specified to be kerbed and 

 channelled, the channels being ob- 

 viously incomplete without kerbs 

 to prevent water running over the 

 footpath or gradually sapping it. 

 Channels are usually formed of 

 small oblong blocks of stone (gran- 

 ite, syenite, Kentish rag) laid on 

 a concrete bed forming a water- 

 table not less than 15ins. wide, and 

 laid lengthwise to the direction of 

 the road which is cambered or 

 sloped from its middle to its sides, 

 the channels conforming to this 

 slope. See Building ; House. 



