GWALIOR 



GYMNASTICS 



Exports mainly consist of agri- 

 cultural produce. The ruler is a 

 maharaja, entitled to a salute of 

 21 guns. Pop. 3,102,280, nearly 

 all Hindus. 



Gwalior. City of Gwalior 

 state, India. The town occupies 

 the site of the old city of Gwalior, 

 and 2 m. to the S. is the capital 

 of the state, Lashkar. It contains 

 Jain and early Hindu antiquities 

 and the palace of Man Singh. The 

 famous fort of Gwalior stands on an 

 isolated hill above the town, which 

 contains many buildings of his- 

 torical interest, Pop. 14,700. 



Gwelo. Town of Rhodesia, S. 

 Africa. It is 198 m. S.W. of Salis- 

 bury and 113 m. N.E. of Buluwayo, 

 with which towns it is connected 

 by rly. It is the centre 'of a 

 gold-mining district. European 

 pop. 500. 



Gwent. Welsh name for Mon- 

 mouthshire. In 1921 it was pro- 

 posed to create a new bishopric for 

 the church in Wales and to call 

 this Gwent. See Monmouthshire ; 

 Newport; Wales, Church of. 



Gwinner, ARTHUR VON (b.1856). 

 German banker. Born at Frank - 

 fort-on-Main, April 4, 1856, he 

 was the son of a lawyer, Wilhelm 

 von Gwinner, the friend and bio- 

 grapher of Schopenhaiier. He en- 

 tered the public service, and was 

 for a time consul at Madrid, after 

 which, in 1888, he founded in 

 Berlin a banking company, bear- 

 ing his own name. In 1894 he 

 joined the board of directors of the 

 Deutsche Bank, and in 1901 be- 

 came its virtual head. He secured 

 the concession for the Bagdad 

 Rly. and became president of 

 the companies formed to construct 

 and work the lines between Con- 

 stantinople and Bagdad. 



Gwyniad. Small fish belonging 

 to the genus Coregonus. Found in 

 Lake Bala, it belongs to the sal- 

 monoid group, arid much resembles 

 a small herring. It is probably only 

 a local race of the powan, common 

 in the Lake District and in Loch 

 Lomond. 



Gwynn, GVVYN OR GWIN, NELL 

 OR ELEANOR (1650-87). -English 

 actress, mistress of Charles II. 

 Born Feb. 2, 1650, either in an 

 alley in Drury Lane or at Here- 

 ford, she early attracted notice as 

 an orange -seller at the Theatre 

 Royal, Drury Lane, where in 1665 

 she made her first stage appear- 

 ance as Cydaria in Dryden's Indian 

 Emperor. Until 1682, when she 

 left the stage, she played a variety 

 of parts and was specially success- 

 ful in broad comedy and in daring 

 prologues and epilogues. 



She became the king's* mistress 

 about 1669, and retained his affec- 

 tion until his death. She died in 



Nell Gwynn, actress and favourite 

 of Charles II 



After Sir Peter Lely 



London of apoplexy, and was 

 buried at St. Martin's-in-the- 

 Fields. Of her two sons by Charles, 

 the elder was created duke of St. 

 Albans in 1684. Her sprightliness 

 and frank good nature and her 

 rivalry with the unpopular duchess 

 of Portsmouth made her a uni- 

 versal favourite. See Charles II ; 

 consult also The Story of Nell 

 Gwyn, P. Cunningham, ed. G. 

 Goodwin, 1908 ; Nell Gwyn, C, 

 Chesterton, 1912. 



Gyantse. Town of Tibet, 125 m. 

 N.E. of the Chumbi Valley. It 

 stands, at an alt. of 13,200 ft., at 

 the foot of a Jong or fortress which, 

 with a fortified lamasery, occupies 

 two rocky eminences commanding 

 a wide plain. Gyantse was held 

 by the Younghusband Expedi- 

 tion, and opened to foreign trade 

 by the Lhasa Convention, 1904. 



'Gyaro, GYAROS OR GHIURA. 

 Island of the Aegean Sea. One of 

 the Cyclades, it is a mountainous 

 island, about 10 m. N.W. of the 

 island of Syra. Triangular in shape, 

 its length is 10 m., and greatest 

 breadth about 3 m. In Roman im- 

 perial times it was a place of ban- 

 ishment for criminals. 



Gybe. Nautical term for the 

 swinging over of the mainsail 

 boom or spanker when the wind is 

 aft. With the wind dead aft and 

 variable there is often a strong 

 tendency of the mainsail to gybe, 

 and if the operation is not carried 

 out carefully the vessel may cap- 

 size or the mast or boom be 

 broken. 



Gyers' Kiln. Metallurgical fur- 

 nace used for the calcining of iron 

 ores. Designed by John Gyers, an 

 engineer of Middlesbrough-on-Tees, 

 it consists essentially of an inner 

 lining, about 18 ins. in thickness, of 

 firebrick enclosed in an iron casing. 

 The upper part is cylindrical, 20 ft. 



to 35 ft. in diameter, while the 

 lower part is conical, tapering in- 

 wards to the bottom. In the centre, 

 on the bottom, is a double cone 

 which assists to spread the ore and 

 fuel evenly in the kiln. Air is in- 

 troduced through passages in the 

 sides of the tapering part of the 

 kiln and also through the spreader 

 cone. See Furnace ; Iron. 



Gyges (7th century B.C.). King 

 of Lydia. As a young man he be- 

 came a favourite of the reigning 

 Lydian Sadyattes Candaules, but 

 having given offence to his master, 

 and anticipating punishment, he 

 assassinated him and seized the 

 throne. Lender Gyges Lydia be- 

 came a powerful kingdom. He ul- 

 timately fell in battle against the 

 barbarian Cimmerii (c. 650 B.C.). 



Gyimes Pass. Pass over the 

 Carpathians between Rumania 

 and Transylvania, formerly Hun- 



farian but Rumanian since 1919. 

 t has railway communications 

 from Targu Ocna in Rumania to 

 Csikszereda in Transylvania, the 

 line there linking up with the 

 circular rly. running from Brasso 

 (Kronstadt) N. to Toplicza and 

 then S.W. down the valley of 

 the Maros. Prominent in the Great 

 War, it was captured by the 

 Rumanian armies in Aug., 1916, 

 but recaptured by tin Germans 

 on Oct. 16. See Rumania, Con- 

 quest of. 



Gylippus. Spartan general. 

 During the Peloponnesian War he 

 was sent to Sicily with a force of 

 3,000 men in 414 B.C., to assist the 

 Syracusans. Assuming the chief 

 command, he helped the Syracu- 

 sans to destroy the Athenian be- 

 sieging force. The Athenian ships 

 were defeated in the harbour of 

 Syracuse, while their land forces 

 were compelled to surrender with 

 their generals Nicias and Demos- 

 thenes. Gylippus later fell into 

 disgrace for abstracting some of 

 the treasure taken at the capture 

 of Athens in 404. 



Gymkhana (Pers. gandkhana, 

 ball house). Name for a mixed 

 sports and athletic meeting. It 

 originated about 1860 in India, 

 where horse and pony races were 

 introduced as a means of recrea- 

 tion and amusement for British 

 soldiers and officials. Further in- 

 terest was given by including ath- 

 letic events, such as tug-of-war, 

 and military sports such as tent- 

 pegging, as well as a variety of 

 competitions of an amusing and 

 less strenuous character. See 

 Athletics. 



Gymnastics""' (Greek, gymnas- 

 tike, training). The art of devel- 

 oping the body by means of suit- 

 able exercises. The Greeks fully 

 understood the value of all-round 



