HABIT 



Most ordinary actions of daily life 

 are the result of habit. Habit is 

 beneficial to the individual in so 

 far as it relieves him from the ne- 

 cessity of concentrating his atten- 

 tion on occasion of each perform- 

 ance of an activity, but its me- 

 chanical nature is likely to hamper 

 initiative. The first result of habit 

 is that it enables repeated acts to 

 be carried out with greater facility 

 and promptitude ; secondly, as 

 the effort needed grows less, the 

 consciousness of those acts is 

 weakened ; thirdly, the repetition 

 brings about an inclination to re- 

 produce them, which more or less 

 resembles instinct, from which, 

 however, habit differs in remaining 

 to a greater or less extent under 

 the influence of volition. 



Habit and Repute. Term used 

 in Scots law. In Scotland, if a man 

 and a woman live together openly, 

 i.e. by ha bit and repute, the courts of 

 law will, if desired, give a declaration 

 that they are legally married. The 

 term is also applied to what are 

 known as habitual criminals. 



Habitant (Lat. habitare, to in- 

 habit). Name given to original 

 settlers at Quebec and still applied 

 to farmers. They have a marked 

 individuality of their own, which 

 includes a patois of their original 

 French. They have their own 

 literature, the principal authors 

 being Frechette, De Gaspe, 

 and the Abbe Casprain. See 

 Canada. 



Habitual Criminal. Defined 

 by the Prevention of Crimes Act, 

 1908, as one who, since attaining 

 the age of sixteen, has been at least 

 three times convicted of crime, 

 and who is leading persistently a 

 dishonest or criminal life. In Eng- 

 lish law such persons, if again con- 

 victed of a serious offence and sent 

 to penal servitude, may also be sen- 

 tenced to not less than five nor 

 more than ten years' preventive 

 detention. This is a milder form of 

 imprisonment, designed less for 

 punishment than to protect society 

 from its irreclaimable foes. See 

 Borstal System ; Recidivist. 



H.A.C. Abbrev. for Honour- 

 able Artillery Company (q.v.). 



Hachette. Name of a firm oi 

 publishers and booksellers. Found- 

 ed in Paris in 1826 by Louis Chris- 

 tophe Francois Hachette (d. 1864), 

 primarily for the publication of 

 classical works, the house now 

 issues general Literature and the 

 Joanne series of French and Eng- 

 lish guide- books. The firm has over 

 750 rly. bookstalls in France and 

 agencies in the French colonies. 

 The London branch, established in 

 1859, has produced an extensive 

 series of works for the study of 

 French, German, Spanish, Italian, 



3767 



and other European languages. In 

 the Great War over 2,000 employees 

 joined the British and French 

 forces. The Paris house is at 79, 

 Boulevard Saint-Germain, and the 

 chief London house at 18, King 

 William Street, W.C. 



Hachioji. Town of Japan. In 

 the island of Honshiu, it is 25 m. W. 

 of Tokyo. Silk-worm rearing and 

 silk weaving are the principal in- 

 dustries. Pop. 24,000. 



Hackberry. Name of the fruit 

 of a tree, Celtis occidentalis, of the 

 order Ulmaceae, also known as 

 nettle-tree (q.v.). 



Hackensack. Town of New 

 Jersey, U.S.A., the co. seat of 

 Bergen co. It stands on the Hack- 

 ensack river, 12 m. N. of Jersej' 

 City, and is served by the New 

 York, Susquehanna and Western 

 and other rlys. It is a residential 

 district, and has a county court 

 house and an old Dutch church 

 Silk goods, wallpaper, and jewelry 

 are manufactured. Hackensack 

 was settled in 1640 and incor- 

 porated in 1868. Pop. 16,010. 



Hackenschmidt, GEORGES (b. 

 1878). Russian wrestler. After a 

 successful career on the Continent 

 he came to England about 1901, 

 and appeared at the Tivoli and 

 other music-halls, where his im- 

 mense strength and magnificent 

 physique made him extremely 

 popular. In 1904 he beat Jenkins 

 at the Albert Hall, and in 1906 won 

 the championship from Madrali, 

 the Turk, at Olympia. His meas- 

 urements were : height, 5 ft. 8 ins. ; 

 weight, 14 st. 10 Ib. ; neck, 22 ins. ; 

 chest, 52 ins. ; biceps, 18 ins. ; calf, 

 17 ins. In 1908 he lost the cham- 

 pionship to Frank Gotch, at 

 Chicago. During the Great War 

 he was interned in Germany. 



Hacker, ARTHUR Q858-1919). 

 British artist. Born in London, 

 he studied at the 

 Royal Academy 

 schools, and in 

 Paris under 

 Bonn at, ex- 

 hibiting his first 

 picture at the 

 R. A. in 1880 In 

 1886 he joined 

 the New Eng- 

 lish Art Club, 

 but continued 

 to exhibit at the 

 Academy, and 



in 1892 his Annunciation was 

 bought by the Chantrey Trustees 

 for the Tate Gallery, and his Syrinx 

 for the Manchester Gallery. He be- 

 came A.R.A. 1894, R.A. 1910, and 

 died in London, Nov. 12, 1919. His 

 early reputation was made by cot- 

 tage interiors with figures ; for a 

 time French influence was marked. 

 See Annunciation. 



1858. 



Arthur Hacker, 

 British artist 



HACKSTON 



Hackney. Breed of horse origi- 

 nating from a cross between the 

 race-horse and the cart-horse, used 

 for riding, and now bred for driving 

 also. From the practice of hiring 

 them out the word acquired its 

 application to vehicles plying for 

 hire, as hackney-coach or hackney- 

 cab. A shorter form is hack, ap- 

 plied to one who will drudge for 

 any employer. See Cab ; Horse. 



Hackney. Parish and mun. and 

 parl. bor. of N.E. London. Cover- 

 ing an area of 5 sq. m., it is served 

 by the G.E. and N.L. Rlys., has ex- 

 cellent 'bus and tramway facilities, 

 and is bounded by Walthamstow 

 and Leyton, N. ; Bethnal Green, 

 E. ; Shoreditch, S. ; and Totten- 

 ham, Stoke Newington, and Isling- 

 ton, W. It has developed rapidly 

 since the middle of the 19th cen- 

 tury around Mare Street, Church 

 Street, Grove Street, and Well 

 Street. There are a town hall, 

 1897, technical institute, and free 

 libraries. Electricity works were 

 inaugurated in 1901. Hackney in- 

 cludes part of Victoria Park (q.v.), 

 London Fields, Hackney Marshes, 

 339 acres, opened in 1894, and 

 Hackney Downs, 41f acres. 



The manor belonged to the 

 Knights Templars, then to the 

 Knights of S. John of Jerusalem, 

 and members of noble families once 

 had their country seats here. Of 

 the ancient church of S. Augustine, 

 supplanted by the parish church of 

 S. John, only the tower, and chapel 

 of Sir Henry Rowe, 1614, remain. 

 The district preserves memories of 

 Archbishop Sancrof t, Milton, Defoe, 

 Matthew Henry, Gilbert Wakefield, 

 John Howard, the Howitts arid the 

 John Ward satirised by Pope, and 

 is noted for its churches, dissenting 

 chapels, educational and charit- 

 able institutions, and the bygone 

 nurseries of Conrad Loddige. Hack- 

 ney (Congregational) College, now 

 at West Hampstead, was founded 

 hi Well Street in 1803. There is a 

 stone memorial at Shacklewell 

 Green, unveiled 1920, to over 100 

 men of the district who fell hi the 

 Great War. Memorials have also 

 been erected at the church of S. 

 Mary of Eton, Hackney Wick, and 

 in the grounds of the Town Hall. 

 Each of the three sections of the 

 parl. bor., N., Central, and S., 

 returns one member. Pop. 222,533. 

 See History and Antiquities of the 

 Parish of Hackney, T. Robinson, 

 2 vols., 1842. 



Hackston, DAVID (d. 1680). 

 Scottish Covenanter. A member of 

 a Fifeshire family, he became a 

 leading Covenanter, and was pre- 

 sent at the murder of Archbishop 

 Sharp, May 3, 1679. He was one of 

 the Covenanters' leaders at the 

 battles of Drumclog and Bothwell 



