

HAEMORRHOIDS 



3773 



HAGEN 



bleeding. Bleeding from the lungs, 

 when bright and frothy blood is 

 expectorated, should be treated 

 similarly ; and also bleeding from 

 the stomach when blood, dark in 

 colour, and often resembling coffee- 

 grounds, is vomited, i 



External haemorrhage may be 

 arterial, venous, or capillary. 

 Arterial haemorrhage occurs when 

 an artery, i.e. a blood-vessel con- 

 veying blood from the heart, is 

 injured. It is recognized by the 

 bright-red colour of the blood, 

 which, unless the wound is very 

 deep, is seen to escape from the 

 end of the artery nearer the heart 

 in pulsating jets, corresponding in 

 rhythm to the heart-beat. Venous 

 haemorrhage occurs when a vein, 

 i.e. a blood-vessel conveying blood 

 to the heart, is injured. The blood 

 either wells up from the depth of 

 the wound, or is seen to flow from 

 the side of the wound farther 

 away from the heart. It is dark in 

 colour, and escapes in a steady 

 stream. Capillary haemorrhage, 

 i.e. bleeding from the capillaries, 

 which are very fine blood-vessels 

 found in the skin and almost uni- 

 versally throughout the body, oc- 

 curs in all wounds to a greater or 

 less extent. It is recognized by the 

 steady oozing of bright red blood 

 from all parts of the wound. 



In some cases a tourniquet is 

 essential, and this may be ex- 

 temporised by lightly bandaging a 

 hard pad on the pressure-point, 

 and then twisting the bandage 

 with a stick so as to tighten the 

 bandage. Bleeding from a vein 

 can usually be stopped by pressure 

 upon the wound, but if this fails, 

 pressure should be exerted on the 

 side of the wound farthest away 

 from the heart. In bleeding from a 

 varicose vein, pressure should be 

 applied on both sides of the wound. 

 Bleeding from capillaries can al- 

 ways be stopped by pressure upon 

 the wound, or by the application of 

 hot (not warm) or cold water. See 

 Blood ; First Aid. 



Haemorrhoids (Gr. haima, 

 blood ; rhein, to flow) OR PILES. 

 Varicose veins in the anus and 

 lower part of the rectum. The 

 most frequent causes are a seden- 

 tary life, chronic constipation, and 

 any disease which retards the 

 circulation through the veins, such 

 as congestion of the liver and 

 chronic alcoholism. Women suffer 

 less than men, but pregnancy and 

 diseases of the uterus sometimes 

 bring on piles. When the enlarged 

 veins protrude from the anus and 

 are covered with skin, they are 

 known as external piles, those 

 within the anus in the lower part 

 of the rectum being referred to as 

 internal piles. 



The symptoms of piles are not 

 necessarily serious, and many 

 persons are affected to a moderate 

 extent without experiencing much 

 inconvenience. Haemorrhage from 

 the anus is often the first noticeable 

 symptom, and if neglected may 

 become serious in amount, and 

 give rise to anaemia. Itching is a 

 frequent symptom. External piles 

 do not, as a rule, demand other 

 treatment than the avoidance of 

 constipation and the use of oint- 

 ments before defaecation. The 

 habitual use of purgatives is to be 

 deprecated. 



Haeseler, GOTTLIEB VON (1835- 

 1919). German soldier. Born in 

 1835, he served in the Danish War 

 of 1864, the Austro-Prussian War, 

 1866, and the Franco-Prussian War, 

 1870-71, when he was selected by 

 Moltke as one of his leading 

 generals and gained the name of 

 the Devil of Metz. He retired in 

 1903 with the rank of field-marshal, 

 but continued to advise the general 

 staff. He reappeared in the field 

 during the Great War, and was in 

 command at Verdun during the 

 opening stage of that battle. He 

 died in Berlin, Oct. 27, 1919. 



Haff. Name given to the lagoons 

 on the Baltic coast of Prussia. 

 They are due to the gradual for- 

 mation of an alluvial bar, or 

 Nehrung, across the mouth of an 

 estuary where the outward silt- 

 laden current of a river is checked 

 by the different direction of the 

 currents farther out to sea. The 

 haff, or lagoon, within the bar, is 

 steadily being silted up since the 

 bar interferes with the free outflow 

 of the river floods. See Lagoon. 



Hafid, MULAI (b. 1873). Sultan 

 of Morocco. Son of Mulai Hassan 

 II, he was educated at El Azhar 



Hagar awaits the death of her son Ishmael in the 

 wilderness 



After the painting by Jean Mural 



University, Cairo, and on his return 

 to Morocco was appointed viceroy 

 to the southern part of the king- 

 dom. The policy of his half- 

 brother, Abd-el-Aziz, led Mulai 

 Hafid to rebel, and in 1907 he pro- 

 claimed himself sultan and drove 

 Abd-el-Aziz from the throne. In 

 1912 he was deposed by his brother 

 Mulai Yussuf. ~> 



Hafiz (d. c. 1388). Name used 

 by the Persian poet Shams-ud-din 

 Mohammed. He was born at 

 Shiraz, capital of Fars, where he 

 appears to have spent most of his 

 life. His fame as a poet, philosopher, 

 and student of the Koran was such 

 that a college was specially estab- 

 lished for him, where he taught for 

 many years. Hafiz, though his 

 personal life earned the censure of 

 the more austere, was a member 

 of a devotional order of Islam. 



His great work was the Diwan, 

 a collection of short lyrical poems 

 in the form known as the ghazal, 

 in expression sensuous and melli- 

 fluous, but inspired by the mysti- 

 cal creed of the Sufi) He is re- 

 garded as the most finished of the 

 Persian lyricists, and exercised a 

 lasting influence on the forms of 

 Persian verses in later generations. 

 His tomb, a little to the N. of 

 Shiraz, is still visited by pilgrims. 

 A prose Eng. trans, of the Diwan, 

 by H. Wilberforce Clarke, was 

 published in 1891. 



Hagar. Egyptian handmaid to 



Sarai, by whom Abraham became 



the father of Ishmael (Gen. 16). 



Sarai's jealousy caused her to flee 



with her son to the wilderness, 



where, in a vision, she learnt the 



future of Ishmael. She returned to 



Abraham, but at a later date was 



finally sent away, and afterwards 



married her son to an Egyptian 



- --, woman (Gen..xxi, 



1 9-21). See Abra- 



j ham. 



Hagen. Town 

 of Germany, in 

 Westphalia. It is 

 15 m. N.E. of 

 Elberfeld, and 

 44 m. N.E. of 

 Cologne, standing 

 at the union of 

 two little rivers, 

 Volme and Ennepe. 

 It is on the West- 

 phalian coalfield, 

 and is an impor- 

 tant rly. junction. 

 Its industries are 

 chiefly the 

 making of iron 

 and steel ; there 

 are also woollen, 

 cotton, paper, 

 and tobacco 

 factories. Pop. 

 88,605. 



