HAGUE TRIBUNAL 



3777 



HA1G 



Hague Tribunal. International 

 court of justice established in 1899 

 for the settlement of disputes 

 between one country and another. 

 Its home is at The Hague. It arose 

 out of the peace conference held 

 there in 1899, when it was decided 

 to form a permanent international 

 court. Sixteen powers signed the 

 agreement, which said that each 

 power should nominate four mem- 

 bers who should serve for six vears. 

 A dispute referred to the tribunal 

 should be heard before five of these 

 members, two chosen by each 

 litigant and a fifth, as president, by 

 the four. Between the opening of 

 the 20th century and the outbreak 

 of the Great War a number of 

 cases were referred to the tribunal, 

 among them being that of Great 

 Britain, Germany, and Italy against 

 Venezuela. The first members 

 nominated by Great Britain were 

 Lord Pauncefote, Sir Edward 

 Malet, Sir Edward Fry, and 

 Professor J. Westlake. See 



Arbitration, International. 



Hahnemann, SAMUEL CHRISTIAN 

 FRIEDRICH (1755-1843). German 

 physician. Born at Meissen, 



OTMII^^SBI A P riI 10 ' 1755 ' 



I he became a 

 I doctor after 

 ...-*, i-rlL studying at 

 Leipzig and 

 Vienna. He 

 practised i n 

 Dresden and 

 Leipzig, but 

 his reputation 

 rests upon the 



German physician system of ho- 

 moeopathy which he founded. His 

 theory was first put forward in an 

 article in 1796 and wa? afterwards 

 worked out more deliberately in 

 books, especially his chief one, The 

 Organism of Rational Health. He 

 practised at Kothen and later in 

 Paris, after he left Leipzig owing to 

 the unpopularity of his theories 

 among those whose business was 

 affected thereby, but he had the 

 satisfaction of seeing them widely 

 accepted. He died July 2, 1843. 

 See Homoeopathy ; consult Life 

 and Letters, T. L. Bradford, 1895. 

 Hai-cheng. Town of China, in 

 the prov. of Fengtien. It stands on 

 the S. Manchurian Rty., and is one 

 of the centres of the Manchurian 

 | silk trade. 



Haida (men). North American 

 Indian tribe in Queen Charlotte 

 Islands, British Columbia, and 

 Prince of Wales Island, Alaska. 

 They are divided into two matri- 

 lineal clans, Eagle and Raven ; 

 each individual has a personal 

 totem (animal-helper). Their skil- 

 fully carved ceremonial rattles, 

 masks, and totem poles betray 

 Polynesian influence. 



Samuel Habne 



Haifa, Palestine. Tcwn and harbour from the sea 



Haidarabad. Alternative spell- 

 ing for the state and cities of India, 

 more frequently spelled Hyderabad 

 (q.v.). 



Haider Ali OR HYDER ALT (c. 



1722-82). Ruler of Mysore. A Ma- 



homedan of insignificant parentage, 



he entered the 



1 service of the 



I raja of Mysore 



; ffii in 1749, where 



k his strong per- 

 ' sonality soon 

 placed him at 

 the head of af- 

 I fairs. In 1763 

 I he conquered 

 Haider Ali, Kanara, and 



Ruler of Mysore the wea lth 

 thus attained completely turned 

 his head. In alliance with the nizam 

 of Madras he fought the British at 

 Chengam, 1767, and was signally 

 defeated. Persisting in hostilities, 

 he succeeded in 1769 in effecting a 

 treaty with his victors, but was un- 

 able to induce them to help him in 

 his campaign against the Maha- 

 rattas in 1772. In revenge for this 

 he took advantage of the war with 

 France to march on Madras, 1779, 

 but after some initial successes was 

 routed by Sir Eyre Coote in an en- 

 gagement near Porto Novo. He 

 died at Chittore. 



Haiduk. Hungarian word given 

 to a certain class of outlaws in 

 Turkey and other Balkan countries, 

 e.g. Serbia. It meant originally 

 robber, but in Hungary it came to 

 refer to mercenary soldiers. Early 

 in the 17th century these received 

 a grant of land on the left bank of 

 the Theiss, which was then called 

 the Haiduk district. It was also 

 used for the retainers of the Hun- 

 garian landowners. One theory is 

 that the word was first given to 

 some Turkish outlaws who took 

 refuge in Hungary. 



Hai-Dzuong. Town of Tong- 

 king, French Indo-China. It is 

 situated in the Song-ka delta 

 region, 32 m. E.S.E. of Hanoi, the 

 capital. Pop. 8,000. 



Haifa, KHAIFA OR HEPFIA. Town 

 and seaport of Palestine, the an- 

 cient Sycaminum. An important 

 place, with a harbour that is 

 the best natural haven in Pales- 

 tine, it lies on the Bay of Acre, 

 under Mt. Carmel, and is con- 

 nected by rly. with the Central 

 Palestine and Damascus lines. It 

 has a considerable and increasing 

 trade, and cotton is grown locally. 

 Haifa figured in the Crusades. 

 During the Great War it, with Acre, 

 was occupied by the British, Sept. 

 23, 1918. Pop. 20,000. 



EARL HAIG OF BEMERSYDE 



H. W. Wilson, Military Critic of The Daily Mail 



In this work are accounts of all the great battles directed by Haig. 



See Arras ; Bapauine ; Cambrai ; Messines ; Somme, etc. See War, 



Great, and the biographies of Byng ; Foch ; French ; Joffre ; Plumer, 



and, other generals. Also Cavalry ; Tactics 



Douglas Haig, 1st Earl of Bemer- 

 syde, was the youngest son of 

 an ancient Fife family, and was 

 born June 19, 1861. He was edu- 

 cated at Clifton and Brasenose 

 College, Oxford, whence he went 

 to Sandhurst, and was gazetted in 

 1885 to the 7th Hussars. He was 

 distinguished both as polo player 

 and as a serious student of his pro- 

 fession. He was a good linguist, and 

 passed through the Staff College. 



Haig served in the Khartum 

 campaign of 1898 and in the South 

 African War, where his work 

 attracted attention. He acted as 

 chief of staff at Colesberg in 1900 

 to Sir John French, and in 1901-2 

 he commanded a group of columns 



under Lord Kitchener. All the 

 reports on him predicted a great 

 future and laid stress on his quali- 

 ties of leadership. After the South 

 African War he served (1903-6) in 

 India, first as inspector-general of 

 cavalry, and then, after some years 

 at home, during which he was direc- 

 tor of military training (1906-7), 

 and director of staff duties at head- 

 quarters (1907-9), as chief of staff 

 to the Indian Army (1909-12). On 

 his return to Europe he was ap- 

 pointed to the Aldershot command, 

 which he held till the outbreak of 

 the Great War. 



He went to France in Aug., 1914, 

 with the expeditionary force in 

 command of the 1st corps, and 



